scholarly journals Evaluation of masonry buildings and mosques after Sivrice earthquake

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (09) ◽  
pp. 881-892
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
Adequate Supervision

The evaluation of masonry and mosque type structures after the Sivrice Earthquake is presented in this study. Stone masonry buildings exhibited damage such as vertical cracks and splitting at corners, wedge shaped corner failures, diagonal cracking on walls, out-of-plane splitting of walls, and separation of walls from flooring/roofing systems. On the other hand, the separation of flags and caps of minarets was a common example of damage in mosques. Future earthquake damage can be prevented by following design codes and providing adequate supervision for new structures, while strengthening measures are recommended for the existing buildings.

Out-of-plane behaviour of existing stone masonry buildings: experimental evaluation

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Costa ◽  
António Arêde ◽  
Aníbal Costa ◽  
Carlos Sousa Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Out Of Plane

scholarly journals Making Wellington: earthquakes, survivors and creating heritage

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Robert McClean
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Masonry Structure ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
The City ◽  
English Heritage

Landing at Te Whanganui a Tara in 1840, New Zealand Company settlers lost no time to construct the "England of the South" using familiar building materials of brick, stone, clay and mortar. Within months of settling at Pito-one (Petone), the newly arrived people not only experienced earthquakes, but also flooding of Te Awa kai Rangi (Hutt River). Consequently, the original plan to build the City of Britannia at Pito-one was transferred to Lambton Harbour at Pipitea and Te Aro. The construction of Wellington was severely disrupted by the first visitation occurring on 16 October 1848 when the Awatere fault ruptured releasing an earthquake of Mw 7.8. The earthquake sequence, lasting until October 1849, damaged nearly all masonry buildings in Wellington, including newly constructed Paremata Barracks. This event was soon followed by the 2nd visitation of 23 January 1855. This time it was a rupture of the Wairarapa fault and a huge 8.2 Mw earthquake lasting until 10 October 1855. Perceptions of buildings as "permanent" symbols of progress and English heritage were fundamentally challenged as a result of the earthquakes. Instead, the settlers looked to the survivors – small timber-framed buildings as markers of security and continued occupation. A small number of survivors will be explored in detail – Taylor-Stace Cottage, Porirua, and Homewood, Karori, both buildings of 1847 and both still in existence today. Also the ruins of Paremata Barracks as the only remnant of a masonry structure pre-dating 1848 in the Wellington region. There are also a few survivors of 1855 earthquake including Christ Church, Taita (1854) and St Joseph's Providence Porch, St Mary's College, Thorndon (1852).  There are also the post-1855 timber-framed legacies of Old St Paul's Cathedral (1866), Government Buildings (1876) and St Peter's Church (1879). Improved knowledge about the historical evolution of perceptions of heritage in Wellington as a result of past earthquake visitations can help inform public education about heritage values, how to build today and strengthen existing buildings in readiness for future earthquake visitations.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Typological Characterization of Traditional Stone Masonry Walls in Old Urban Centres: A Case Study in Viseu, Portugal

Buildings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Carlos Domingues ◽  
Tiago Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Romeu Vicente ◽  
João Negrão
Keyword(s):  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Masonry Walls ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
In Situ Characterization

Essential for any intervention in existing buildings, a thorough knowledge of both structural and material characteristics is even more important in the case of traditional stone masonry buildings, due both to the variability of this technology’s properties and the degradation buildings might have sustained. In Portugal, a number of in situ and laboratory experimental campaigns has allowed us in recent years to expand the knowledge on the mechanical properties of stone masonry walls. Nevertheless, the existence of different wall typologies built with the same material necessitates that this characterization takes into account the various regional constructive cultures. This paper presents the results obtained through an in-situ characterization campaign carried out in the old urban center of Viseu, for which there is no information available in the literature. Granite stone masonry walls of two different buildings were analyzed and characterized considering their geometrical and material features, contributing to the identification of stone masonry typologies present in the city’s old urban center. Flat-jack testing yielded resistance and deformability parameters to be used both in safety evaluation and intervention design. The properties obtained can be said to be consistent with those deriving from other experimental campaigns, conducted in granite walls of different typologies, throughout the country. Simultaneously, relevant conclusions about the use of flat-jacks to characterize this type of stone masonry were drawn.

scholarly journals REIMAGINING THE ENVELOPE

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Knaack ◽  
◽  
Thaleia Konstantinou ◽  
Marcel Bilow ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Envelope ◽  
The Other ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Book Series ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Environmental Value ◽  
The One

This volume of the imagine book series focuses on the building envelope, specifically the reuse of buildings and their envelope: There are many buildings that have an aesthetic, societal and built environmental value which needs to be recognized and transferred into up-to-date conditions. There are two main reasons to tackle such challenges; on the one hand the pure fact that someone asks us to (if we will not do the job, who will and how?), and on the other hand the potential of existing buildings for future functionalities, uses and users. And this is where the concept of the imagine book series and this volume in particular come into play: To inspire, to identify potential and opportunities, and to not hesitate to strive for unusual, maybe strange and unexpected solutions.

Response of a 14-Story Anchorage, Alaska, Building in 2002 to Two Close Earthquakes and Two Distant Denali Fault Earthquakes

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 693-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Celebi
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Existing Buildings ◽  
Close Coupling ◽  
Denali Fault ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
Frequency Identification ◽  
And Behavior

The recorded responses of an Anchorage, Alaska, building during four significant earthquakes that occurred in 2002 are studied. Two earthquakes, including the 3 November 2002 M7.9 Denali fault earthquake, with epicenters approximately 275 km from the building, generated long trains of long-period (>1 s) surface waves. The other two smaller earthquakes occurred at subcrustal depths practically beneath Anchorage and produced higher frequency motions. These two pairs of earthquakes have different impacts on the response of the building. Higher modes are more pronounced in the building response during the smaller nearby events. The building responses indicate that the close-coupling of translational and torsional modes causes a significant beating effect. It is also possible that there is some resonance occurring due to the site frequency being close to the structural frequency. Identification of dynamic characteristics and behavior of buildings can provide important lessons for future earthquake-resistant designs and retrofit of existing buildings.

scholarly journals The Correlation between the Energy Gap and the Pseudogap Temperature in Cuprates: The YCBCZO and LSHCO Case

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Szczȩśniak ◽  
M. W. Jarosik ◽  
A. M. Duda
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Analytical Formula ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hole Density ◽  
Zero Temperature ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Dimensionless Ratio

The paper analyzes the influence of the hole density, the out-of-plane or in-plane disorder, and the isotopic oxygen mass on the zero temperature energy gap (2Δ(0))Y1-xCaxBa2Cu1-yZny3O7-δ(YCBCZO) andLa1.96-xSrxHo0.04CuO4(LSHCO) superconductors. It has been found that the energy gap is visibly correlated with the value of the pseudogap temperature (T⋆). On the other hand, no correlation between 2Δ(0) and the critical temperature (TC) has been found. The above results mean that the value of the dimensionless ratio2Δ0/kBTCcan vary very strongly together with the chemical composition, while the parameter2Δ(0)/kBT⋆does not change significantly. In the paper, the analytical formula which binds the zero temperature energy gap and the pseudogap temperature has been also presented.

Porphyrin molecular tweezers for fullerenes

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (09n10) ◽  
pp. 951-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidemitsu Uno ◽  
Mina Furukawa ◽  
Akiko Fujimoto ◽  
Hiroki Uoyama ◽  
Hajime Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Binding Affinity ◽  
Binding Constants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bottom Part ◽  
Molecular Tweezers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Porphyrin Synthesis ◽  
Shallow Part

Facing zinc bisporphyrins connected with diethanoanthracene and diethanonaphthacene (syn-1 and syn-2) are prepared by double [3+1] porphyrin synthesis of tripyrranedicarbaldehyde with syn-5,11-dimethoxy-4,6,10,12-tetrahydro-4,12;6,10-diethanoanthracene[2,3-c;7,8-c′]dipyrrole and syn-4,7,11,14- tetrahydro-4,14;7,11-diethanonaphthacene[2,3-c;8,9-c′]dipyrrole. These bisporphyrins contain large clefts with different sizes capable for complexation with fullerenes such as C60 and C70 . These designed syn-oriented bisporphyrins serve as effective and selective molecular tweezers for C70 . Binding affinity of the zinc bisporphyrins, namely, syn-1 and syn-2, towards C60 and C70 in solution is determined by employing UV-vis spectrophotometric technique. Values of binding constants (K) in toluene for the non-covalent complexes of syn-1 with C60 and C70 are estimated to be 3.1(4) × 104 and 5.0(2) × 105 M-1, respectively, and those of syn-2 with C60 and C70 are enumerated to be 2.1(4) × 104 and 1.70(13) × 105 M-1, respectively. Binding of C60 and C70 in the clefts of syn-1 and syn-2 is clearly demonstrated by the crystal structures of C60 /syn-1, C70 /syn-1, C60 /syn-2, and C70 /syn-2 complexes. In the crystal structures with C70 , the directions of the long axis of C70 are found to be quite different: in the case of C70 /syn-1 complex the axis lies perpendicularly to the line connecting two zinc atoms; however, for the C70 /syn-2 complex, the axis occupies in-plane to the same line. Both the clefts of syn-1 and syn-2 are induced to fit the included fullerenes by domed out-of-plane distortion of porphyrin rings. Moreover, the bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene moieties of syn-1 are widened by complexation with the fullerenes, while the same moieties of syn-2 are narrowed by the complexation. Therefore, syn-1 catches the fullerenes at the shallow part of the cleft. On the other hand, syn-2 catches the fullerenes at the bottom part of the cleft. NMR experiments of the complexes in THF-d8 also support these orientations even in solution.

The Effectiveness of Design Procedures for Fatigue Design of Welds

2014 ◽  
Vol 891-892 ◽  
pp. 1513-1518
Author(s):  
John W.H. Price
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Good Design ◽  
Design Procedures ◽  
Fatigue Design ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of

This paper examines the link between the design codes, good design and the prevention of field failures. There are many design codes for the fatigue design of welds. They contain many differences influenced by the history of particular industries. Engineering may not be well served by these codes since on one hand they are normally conservative, thus creating excessively heavy structures. On the other hand the design codes often do not include the most important factors in the life expectancy of a weld namely the weld procedure, the quality of the weld and environmental effects. The paper concludes that a thorough review and unification of the industry design codes is overdue. The issue of manufacture of welds has to be put at the centre of the consideration of fatigue design.

scholarly journals Uncertainties in the Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 2280
Author(s):  
Igor Tomić ◽  
Francesco Vanin ◽  
Katrin Beyer
Keyword(s):  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Stone Masonry ◽  
Seismic Fragility ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Plane Failure ◽  
Linear Connections ◽  
Displacement Capacity ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Historical Masonry

Seismic assessments of historical masonry buildings are affected by several sources of epistemic uncertainty. These are mainly the material and the modelling parameters and the displacement capacity of the elements. Additional sources of uncertainty lie in the non-linear connections, such as wall-to-wall and floor-to-wall connections. Latin Hypercube Sampling was performed to create 400 sets of 11 material and modelling parameters. The proposed approach is applied to historical stone masonry buildings with timber floors, which are modelled by an equivalent frame approach using a newly developed macroelement accounting for both in-plane and out-of-plane failure. Each building is modelled first with out-of-plane behaviour enabled and non-linear connections, and then with out-of-plane behaviour disabled and rigid connections. For each model and set of parameters, incremental dynamic analyses are performed until building failure and seismic fragility curves derived. The key material and modelling parameters influencing the performance of the buildings are determined based on the peak ground acceleration at failure, type of failure and failure location. This study finds that the predicted PGA at failure and the failure mode and location is as sensitive to the properties of the non-linear connections as to the material and displacement capacity parameters, indicating that analyses must account for this uncertainty to accurately assess the in-plane and out-of-plane failure modes of historical masonry buildings. It also shows that modelling the out-of-plane behaviour produces a significant impact on the seismic fragility curves.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document