Adaptive Artificial Passive Immunity as a Suggested Strategy for Treatment of COVID-19 Critical Cases

Currently, the emergence of a novel human corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-14 days, facilitating its spread via droplets, contaminated hands or surfaces, resulting in high spread and death rates according to date, time and place of infection. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the treatment of the cases, especially critical cases to decrease the mortality rate, the spread and incubation time of the virus by using the adaptive artificial passive immunity (anti-bodies from fully recovered patients with COVID-19).

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Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Isolated from patients with upper respiratory tract infections; a four year study in Tripoli city

10.20944/preprints201808.0435.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ahmed Atia ◽

Najla Elyounsi ◽

Ahmed Abired ◽

Amal Wanis ◽

Abdulsalam Ashour

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Antibiotic Administration ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

1) Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTI) has been known to be a significant health concern for mortality and morbidity since many years. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of bacterial pathogen causing upper respiratory tract (URTIs) and the susceptibility patterns to frequently used antibiotics among patients attending Abusetta hospital in Tripoli district; 2) Methods: A total of 1,110 throat swabs were collected between Jan, 2011 to December, 2014 and inoculated onto Blood agar, MacCkonkey agar and Chocolate agar then incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. Bacterial pathogens were determined by bacteriological culture methods and antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was identified following Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute guidelines (CLSI); 3) Results: Of the 1,110 respiratory samples tested, 71.1% (n = 789) of specimens were positive cultures with the dominant bacterial pathogens being streptococcus pneumonia 43.3% (n = 342), followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa 22.8% (n = 180), staphylococcus aurous 13.8% (n = 109), Escherichia Coli 6.9% (n = 55), Enterobacter spp 6.2% (n = 49), Citrobacter 4.5% (n = 36), and Klebsiella 2.2% (n = 18). Most isolates exhibited resistance against the commonly used antibiotics and to at least one antibiotic; and 4) Conclusions: The level of antibiotic resistance in this study is alarming and brings to light the timely and suitable diagnosis of the common bacteria causes of URTIs and proper antibiotic administration based on susceptibility test.

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Prevalence of respiratory bacterial infections in people with lower respiratory tract infections in Africa: the BARIAFRICA systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023592 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. e023592

Author(s):

Serges Tchatchouang ◽

Jean Joel Bigna ◽

Ariane Nzouankeu ◽

Marie-Christine Fonkoua ◽

Jobert Richie Nansseu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Health Concern ◽

Published Data ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Tract Infections

IntroductionThe burden of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) is a substantial public health concern. However, the epidemiology of LRTI and its bacterial aetiologies are poorly characterised, particularly in the African continent. Providing accurate data can help design cost-effective interventions to curb the burden of respiratory infections in Africa. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis will be to determine the prevalence of respiratory Bacterial Aetiologies in people with low Respiratory tract Infections in Africa (BARIAFRICA) and associated factors.Methods and analysisWe will search PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, African Journals Online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Global Index Medicus to identify studies that reported the prevalence (of enough data to compute this estimate) of respiratory bacterial infections in people with LRTIs in Africa from 1 January 2000 to 31 March 2018, without any linguistic restrictions. Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be conducted independently by two investigators. Heterogeneity will be evaluated using the χ² test on Cochran’s Q statistic and quantified with H and I² statistics. Prevalence will be pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis model. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses will be used to identify sources of heterogeneity of prevalence estimates. This study will be reported according to the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ethics and disseminationSince this study will be based on published data, it does not require ethical approval. This systematic review and meta-analysis is intended to serve as a basis for determining the burden of LRTIs, for identifying data gaps and for guiding future investigations in Africa. The final report will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented in conferences and submitted to relevant health policy makers.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018092359.

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Acute respiratory tract infections among hospitalized Palestinian patients: a retrospective study

10.21203/rs.2.9815/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rania Abu Seir ◽

Wafa' Njoum ◽

Rawan Najajrah ◽

Dania Najjar ◽

Mariam Ashour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

West Bank ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Health Concern ◽

The West ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the profiles and epidemiological characteristics of acute RTIs and respiratory pathogens in Palestinian hospitalized patients. Methods: Clinical samples from hospitalized patients with symptoms of acute RTIs admitted between January 2011 and December 2016 are referred to Palestinian Central Public Health Laboratory (PHCL) to identify the causative pathogen. Patients’ demographic information and the results of the molecular identification were retrieved from the electronic database at the PHCL. The results of the detections were analyzed to explore the distribution of pathogens resulting in hospitalization among patients with RTIs across age, gender, region, year and season. Results: A total of 15413 patients with acute RTIs were hospitalized during the study period. The causal agent was identified only in 28.7% of the patients. Overall, influenza viruses were the most common cause of RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients in the West Bank. The elderly population (≥60 years old) had the highest rates. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis ) followed influenza, respectively. Children showed the highest hospitalization rates for these two infections along with adenovirus, enterovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Outbreaks of RTIs occurred mainly during winter (between December and March). Conclusions: Influenza viruses are the major cause acute RTIs among hospitalized patients in the West Bank. Children and elderlies have the highest risk for RTIs. The reoccurrence of B. pertussis in spite of vaccination is alarming and requires further investigation.

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COVID-19 and Environmental factors. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review

10.1101/2020.05.10.20069732 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Apostolos Vantarakis ◽

Ioanna Chatziprodromidou ◽

Thomas Apostolou

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Health Concern ◽

Environmental Drivers ◽

Show Evidence ◽

Human Coronaviruses ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Available Information ◽

The Impact

The emergence of a novel human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global health concern causing severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Human-to-human transmissions have been described with incubation times between 2-10 days, facilitating its airborne spread via droplets. The impact of environmental factors on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is under consideration. We therefore reviewed the literature on all available information about the impact of environmental factors on human coronaviruses. Temperature, humidity and other environmental factors have been recorded as environmental drivers of the COVID-19 outbreak in China and in other countries. Higher temperatures might be positive to decrease the COVID-19 incidence. In our review, the analysis of 23 studies show evidence that high temperature and high humidity reduce the COVID-19 transmission. However, further studies concerning other environmental (namely meteorological) factors role should be conducted in order to further prove this correlation. As no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2, early containment and prevention of further spread will be crucial to stop the ongoing outbreak and to control this novel infectious thread.

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The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0294 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1675) ◽

pp. 20140294 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Wouter A. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters ◽

Elisabeth A. M. Sanders ◽

Debby Bogaert

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Bacterial Overgrowth ◽

Health Concern ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Colonization Resistance ◽

Upper Respiratory ◽

Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae . However, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and form—together with harmless commensal bacteria, viruses and fungi—intricate ecological networks, collectively known as the ‘microbiome’. Analogous to the gut microbiome, the respiratory microbiome at equilibrium is thought to be beneficial to the host by priming the immune system and providing colonization resistance, while an imbalanced ecosystem might predispose to bacterial overgrowth and development of respiratory infections. We postulate that specific ecological perturbations of the bacterial communities in the URT can occur in response to various lifestyle or environmental effectors, leading to diminished colonization resistance, loss of containment of newly acquired or resident pathogens, preluding bacterial overgrowth, ultimately resulting in local or systemic bacterial infections. Here, we review the current body of literature regarding niche-specific upper respiratory microbiota profiles within human hosts and the changes occurring within these profiles that are associated with respiratory infections.

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