scholarly journals A Comparison of Distillery Stillage Disposal Methods

10.14311/1175 ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Sajbrt ◽  
M. Rosol ◽  
P. Ditl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Transport ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Secondary Treatment ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Fertilizer Production ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Livestock Feeding

This paper compares the main stillage disposal methods from the point of view of technology, economics and energetics. Attention is paid to the disposal of both solid and liquid phase. Specifically, the following methods are considered: a) livestock feeding, b) combustion of granulated stillages, c) fertilizer production, d) anaerobic digestion with biogas production and e) chemical pretreatment and subsequent secondary treatment. Other disposal techniques mentioned in the literature (electrofenton reaction, electrocoagulation and reverse osmosis) have not been considered, due to their high costs and technological requirements.Energy and economic calculations were carried out for a planned production of 120 m3 of stillage per day in a given distillery. Only specific treatment operating costs (per 1 m3 of stillage) were compared, including operational costs for energy, transport and chemicals. These values were determined for January 31st, 2009. Resulting sequence of cost effectiveness: 1. – chemical pretreatment, 2. – combustion of granulated stillage, 3. – transportation of stillage to a biogas station, 4. – fertilizer production, 5. – livestock feeding. This study found that chemical pretreatment of stillage with secondary treatment (a method developed at the Department of Process Engineering, CTU) was more suitable than the other methods. Also, there are some important technical advantages. Using this method, the total operating costs are approximately 1 150 ??/day, i.e. about 9,5 ??/m3 of stillage. The price of chemicals is the most important item in these costs, representing about 85 % of the total operating costs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Direct and Adjoint k and α-Eigenfunctions

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-151
Author(s):  
Vito Vitali ◽  
Florent Chevallier ◽  
Alexis Jinaphanh ◽  
Andrea Zoia ◽  
Patrick Blaise
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Methods ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Distinct Point ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Systems ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
Power Iteration ◽  
Continuous Energy ◽  
Fission Probability

Modal expansions based on k-eigenvalues and α-eigenvalues are commonly used in order to investigate the reactor behaviour, each with a distinct point of view: the former is related to fission generations, whereas the latter is related to time. Well-known Monte Carlo methods exist to compute the direct k or α fundamental eigenmodes, based on variants of the power iteration. The possibility of computing adjoint eigenfunctions in continuous-energy transport has been recently implemented and tested in the development version of TRIPOLI-4®, using a modified version of the Iterated Fission Probability (IFP) method for the adjoint α calculation. In this work we present a preliminary comparison of direct and adjoint k and α eigenmodes by Monte Carlo methods, for small deviations from criticality. When the reactor is exactly critical, i.e., for k0 = 1 or equivalently α0 = 0, the fundamental modes of both eigenfunction bases coincide, as expected on physical grounds. However, for non-critical systems the fundamental k and α eigenmodes show significant discrepancies.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Biaya Produksi Dan Biaya Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 731-740
Author(s):  
Ester Meafrida Wati Pasaribu ◽  
Nanu Hasanuh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Operational Costs

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of production costs and operating costs on net income in the consumer goods industry sector for the 2015-2019 period. The sample selection uses a sampling technique. In order to obtain a sample of 15 companies and a total of 75 data. The regression analysis analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis through classical assumption tests and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of this study indicate that partially production costs have an effect on net income and other research results partially operational costs have a significant effect on net income. Simultaneously, production costs and operating costs have a significant influence on net income Keywords: Production Costs, Operational Costs, and Net Profits

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN SISTEM BARCODE UNTUK MENDUKUNG PAPERLESS DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEUNTUNGAN FINANSIAL DAN OPERASIONAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Danny Ong
Keyword(s):  
Employee Performance ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Business World ◽  
Operational Process ◽  
Financial Cycle ◽  
World Today ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
Physical Paper

The use of physical paper in the business world today has become a consideration as a waste that can affect the company's financial cycle. The saving of using documents without using physical paper is one way to reduce the company's operating costs, especially for companies that have offices and also some factories in running their businesses. The operational process of non-physical documents is supported by the use of barcodes so that the use of paper is very minimal and management can reduce the company's operational costs to the maximum. This study aims to make observations and analysis of barcode usage related to the effectiveness and efficiency in terms of employee performance and especially financial savings. The results of the study show that in terms of operational expenses of the company that there are benefits of cost savings on physical paper purchases and also employee performance is quite significantly increased in carrying out daily operations because entering data can be done semi-automatically.

Gas Turbine Cleaning Upgrade (Compressor Wash)

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Asplund
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
Power Recovery ◽  
Blade Loads ◽  
Engine Development

The influence of gas turbine degradation on operating costs is high. Gas turbine cleaning is one of many actions taken for power recovery and is considered preventive maintenance. It is generally performed within the industrial and occasionally within the aero sector. Following a survey about potential for cost reduction in gas turbine operation the cleaning issue appears to be overlooked from an engineering point of view and there is a large potential for efficiency improvements. Engine development with corresponding high blade loads and ever-increasing temperatures require more efficient and careful cleaning methods. Together with emission taxes and environmental regulations, optimized cleaning methods will play an ever-growing role in future gas turbine operation. In order to achieve cost effectiveness regarding hardware, man-hour and consumables a new cleaning method has been evaluated for a standard process. The economic evaluations show that a standardisation of cleaning with the new method would enable the aviation sector to perform engine cleaning on a routine basis as well as the stationary sector to make significant cost savings in equipment purchase and operation.

Effect of chemical pretreatment using sulfuric acid on biogas production from water hyacinth and kinetics

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 ◽  
pp. 335-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarto Sarto ◽  
Raudati Hildayati ◽  
Iqbal Syaichurrozi
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment

scholarly journals Application of electrocoagulation for water conditioning

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Hana Posavčić ◽  
Ivan Halkijević ◽  
Živko Vuković
Keyword(s):  
Water Source ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pollutant Removal ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Water Conditioning ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process

Water conditioning is a method of removing altering minerals, chemicals and contaminants from a water source and it is carried out on facilities equipped with the corresponding electro-mechanical equipment. Although efficient, conventional processes typically use several complex devices connected to a single functional unit, which are often expensive to maintain and occupy large areas. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present the electrocoagulation (EC) method as an alternative to conventional water conditioning processes. The examples of previous studies of the EC process application is presented in this paper. The focus of the paper is to investigate the influence of the certain operational parameters such as pH, temperature, electrode material, etc., on the efficiency of pollutant removal such as Escherichia coli and elevated concentrations of iron, arsenic, manganese, ammonia and others. Further, an economic analysis is made, which, from an economic point of view, shows when it is feasible to use the EC in the conditioning process. Furthermore, a case study of electrocoagulation process for Total Nitrogen (TN) removal is presented. According to results, 69.7 % of TN was removed with aluminum electrodes after 240 minutes. For this case, total operating costs were 7.60 €/m3.

Evolution of Aesthetic Dentistry

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Blatz ◽  
G. Chiche ◽  
O. Bahat ◽  
R. Roblee ◽  
C. Coachman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Dental Materials ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Aesthetic Dentistry

One of the main goals of dental treatment is to mimic teeth and design smiles in a most natural and aesthetic manner, based on the individual and specific needs of the patient. Possibilities to reach that goal have significantly improved over the last decade through new and specific treatment modalities, steadily enhanced and more aesthetic dental materials, and novel techniques and technologies. This article gives an overview of the evolution of aesthetic dentistry over the past 100 y from a historical point of view and highlights advances in the development of dental research and clinical interventions that have contributed the science and art of aesthetic dentistry. Among the most noteworthy advancements over the past decade are the establishment of universal aesthetic rules and guidelines based on the assessment of natural aesthetic parameters, anatomy, and physiognomy; the development of tooth whitening and advanced restorative as well as prosthetic materials and techniques, supported by the pioneering discovery of dental adhesion; the significant progress in orthodontics and periodontal as well as oral and maxillofacial surgery; and, most recently, the implementation of digital technologies in the 3-dimensional planning and realization of truly natural, individual, and aesthetic smiles. In the future, artificial intelligence and machine learning will likely lead to automation of aesthetic evaluation, smile design, and treatment-planning processes.

Aircraft Servicing

1948 ◽  
Vol 52 (455) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Norman ◽  
S. F. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Direct Cost ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Earning Capacity ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Private Owner ◽  
The Cost

The method of achieving efficient and economical servicing with the maximum rate of utilisation of aircraft, is a problem which always confronts the aircraft operator, either a private owner flying his modest machine or a national airline with a variety of large and expensive aircraft. From the point of view of safety, their problems are the same.Efficient servicing is closely related to safety in so far as the airworthiness aspect is concerned and, under present servicing methods, the direct cost of providing this aspect of safety may well amount to some 20 per cent, of operating costs; to this must be added the delays inseparable from major maintenance work which can reduce earning capacity as a result of the time taken to rectify defects. Invariably the cost to the private owner is higher than he had expected and, unless his aircraft is maintained by a competent servicing organisation, it can be subjected to frequent bouts of unserviceability—usually when he needs it most.

scholarly journals Determination of Optimal Shipping Quantity for Perishable Goods under Probabilistic Supply

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Si-Yeong Lim ◽  
Sun Hur
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distribution Function ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Perishable Products ◽  
Limited Time ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Perishable Goods ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Probabilistic Point ◽  
Optimal Quantity

The problems of shipping and transporting perishable goods are commonly considered in the literature as significant topics, but rarely did researchers adopt a probabilistic point of view in their models. It is common in SCM environments that the participating entities’ behaviors are random and unpredictable and so can only be modeled in a probabilistic way. In this paper, we consider the shipping problem of determining the optimal quantity of perishable products with a limited time to be stored in the warehouse. The optimal quantity minimizes the overall operational costs including those of inventory and shipping. We develop a mathematical model, from which the probability distribution function, mean, and variance of the length of the build-up period are derived and we establish a cost function for determining the optimal shipping value.

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