Reliability of an isometric test for measuring the strength of the hip abductors and adductors

This study aimed to measure the reliability of a test for measuring the strength and strength imbalance of the hip abductors and adductors, using isokinetic equipment adapted for isometric testing. Thirteen healthy, physically active male individuals took part in the research. Two unilateral isometric tests were undertaken using a load cell attached to an adapted abductor bench machine: a hip abduction test and hip adduction test. Tests consisted of two maximum voluntary isometric contractions made for six seconds with a break of one minute between each. The following dynamic variables were measured: maximum force, mean force, rate of force development for each limb (right and left), and the existence of asymmetries between the limbs. For statistical analysis, the t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were applied. Results: The methodology utilized for the evaluation of the hip abductors and adductors did not show reliability in most of the parameters researched, with the ICC neither sufficient or low, and the retest performance higher than the test (p < 0.05). The applied test was not reliable for assessing strength and strength imbalances of hip abductors and adductors in most of the parameters investigated. These results indicate that the hip joints, more precisely, the abductor and adductor muscles, are complex structures to be assessed. They need to be previously familiarized with the proposed exercise, as their performance does not occur habitually. It is recommended to develop new tests in order to measure hip abduction and adduction strength adding a prior familiarization procedure.

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Assessment of Knee Laxity Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2.2.97 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 97-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kelly R. Holcomb ◽

Cheryl A. Skaggs ◽

Teddy W. Worrell ◽

Mark DeCarlo ◽

K. Donald Shelbourne

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Standard Error ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Knee Laxity ◽

Testing Procedures ◽

Kt 1000 ◽

Anterior Cruciate ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

A paucity of information exists concerning reliability of the KT-1000 knee arthrometer (MEDmetric Corp., San Diego, CA) when used by different clinicians to assess the same anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and standard error of measurement of four clinicians who routinely report KT-1000 arthrometer values to referring orthopedic surgeons. Two physical therapists and two athletic trainers performed anterior laxity tests using the KT-1000 on 19 subjects. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used to determine reliability. Intratester ICC ranged from .98 to 1.0 and intratesterSEMranged from 0.0 to .28 mm. Intertester ICC andSEMfor all four testers were .53 and 1.2 mm, respectively. A 95% confidence interval (M ± 1.96 ×SEM) of the intertester variability ranged from −0.18 to 4.52 mm. Therefore, large intertester variation existed in KT-1000 values. Each facility should standardize testing procedures and establish intratester and intertester reliability for all clinicians reporting KT-1000 values.

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Test–Retest Reliability of Skill Tests in the F-MARC Battery for Youth Soccer Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512519866038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (5) ◽

pp. 1006-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexis Padrón-Cabo ◽

Ezequiel Rey ◽

Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós ◽

Anton Kalén

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Absolute Reliability ◽

Error Of Measurement

This study aimed to evaluate the test–retest reliability of soccer skill tests belonging to the F-MARC test battery. To avoid bias during talent identification and development, coaches and scouts should be using reliable tests for assessing soccer-specific skills in young male players. Fifty-two U-14 outfield male soccer players performed F-MARC soccer skill tests on two occasions, separated by 7 days. After familiarization, we administered two trial sessions of five skill tests: speed dribbling, juggling, shooting, passing, and heading. We assessed absolute reliability by expressing the standard error of measurement as a coefficient of variation with 95% limits of agreement, and we assessed relative reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient and with Pearson’s correlation ( r). The results demonstrated satisfactory relative and absolute reliability for speed dribbling, right foot juggling, short passing, shooting a dead ball right, shooting from a pass, heading in front, and heading right. However, reliability values for left foot juggling, chest-head-foot juggling, head-left-foot-right foot-chest-head juggling, long pass, and shooting a dead ball left tests were not strong enough to suggest their usage by coaches in training or sport scientists in research.

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Measurement of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: A Multicenter Intertester Reliability Study

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/79.12.1134 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (12) ◽

pp. 1134-1141 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Janet K Freburger ◽

Daniel L Riddle

Keyword(s):

Standard Error ◽

Sacroiliac Joint ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Kappa Coefficient ◽

Outpatient Clinics ◽

Reliability Study ◽

Kappa Value ◽

The Subject ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Previous research suggests that visual estimates of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) alignment are unreliable. The purpose of this study was to determine whether handheld calipers and an inclinometer could be used to obtain reliable measurements of SIJ alignment in subjects suspected of having SIJ dysfunction. Subjects. Seventy-three subjects, evaluated at 1 of 5 outpatient clinics, participated in the study. Methods. A total of 23 therapists, randomly paired for each subject, served as examiners. The angle of inclination of each innominate was measured while the subject was standing. The position of the innominates relative to each other was then derived. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and a kappa coefficient were calculated to examine the reliability of the derived measurements. Results. The ICC was .27, the SEM was 5.4 degrees, and the kappa value was .18. Conclusion and Discussion. Measurements of SIJ alignment were unreliable. Therapists should consider procedures other than those that assess SIJ alignment when evaluating the SIJ.

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The Number of Trials Required to Obtain a Representative Movement Pattern During a Hurdle Hop Exercise

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0121 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shane J. Gore ◽

Brendan M. Marshall ◽

Andrew D. Franklyn-Miller ◽

Eanna C. Falvey ◽

Kieran A. Moran

Keyword(s):

Sequential Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Scientific Justification ◽

Novel Method ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Anatomical Plane ◽

Coefficient Method ◽

Error Of Measurement

When reporting a subject’s mean movement pattern, it is important to ensure that reported values are representative of the subject’s typical movement. While previous studies have used the mean of 3 trials, scientific justification of this number is lacking. One approach is to determine statistically how many trials are required to achieve a representative mean. This study compared 4 methods of calculating the number of trials required in a hopping movement to achieve a representative mean. Fifteen males completed 15 trials of a lateral hurdle hop. Range of motion at the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle, in addition to peak moments for the latter 3 joints were examined. The number of trials required was computed using a peak intraclass correlation coefficient method, sequential analysis with a bandwidth of acceptable variance in the mean, and a novel method based on the standard error of measurement (SEMind). The number of trials required across all variables ranged from 2 to 12 depending on method, joint, and anatomical plane. The authors advocate the SEMind method as it demonstrated fewer limitations than the other methods. Using the SEMind, the required number of trials for a representative mean during the lateral hurdle hop is 6.

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Relative and Absolute Reliability of a Vertical Numerical Pain Rating Scale Supplemented With a Faces Pain Scale After Stroke

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20120422 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Li-ling Chuang ◽

Ching-yi Wu ◽

Keh-chung Lin ◽

Ching-ju Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Numerical Pain Rating Scale ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Pain Rating Scale ◽

Absolute Reliability ◽

Error Of Measurement

BackgroundPain is a serious adverse complication after stroke. The combination of a vertical numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and a faces pain scale (FPS) has been advocated to measure pain after stroke.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate whether an NPRS supplemented with an FPS (NPRS-FPS) would show good test-retest reliability in people with stroke. The relative and absolute reliability of the NPRS-FPS were examined.DesignA test-retest design was used for this study.MethodsFifty people (>3 months after stroke) participating in an outpatient occupational therapy program were recruited through medical centers to rate current pain intensity twice, at a 1-week interval, with the NPRS-FPS (on a scale from 0 to 10). The relative reliability of the NPRS-FPS was analyzed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for determining the degree of consistency and agreement between 2 measures. The standard error of measurement, the smallest real difference, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were the absolute reliability indexes used to quantify measurement errors and determine systematic biases of repeated measurements.ResultsThe relative reliability of the NPRS-FPS was substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient=.82). The standard error of measurement and the smallest real difference at the 90% confidence interval of the NPRS-FPS were 0.81 and 1.87, respectively. The Bland-Altman analyses revealed no significant systematic bias between repeated measurements for the NPRS-FPS. The range of the limits of agreement for the NPRS-FPS was narrow (−2.50 to 1.90), indicating a high level of stability and little variation over time.LimitationsThe pain intensity of the participants ranged from no pain to a moderate level of pain.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the NPRS-FPS is a reliable measure of pain in people with stroke, with good relative and absolute reliability.

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Pennation angle of vastus laterallis during isometric contractions performed at two knee angles

Fisioterapia em Movimento ◽

10.1590/1980-5918.030.s01.ao07 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. 75-83

Author(s):

Felipe Torres Miranda de Oliveira ◽

Carlos Gomes de Oliveira ◽

Paulo Farinatti

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Voluntary Contraction ◽

Pennation Angle ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Full Extension ◽

The Subject ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

Abstract Introduction: The pennation angle (PA) of a muscle is not static value, but it adapts to the conditions imposed by the contraction intensity required. Objective: This study investigates the effect of knee angle (KA) and intensity of contraction (IC) on PA of vastus lateralis (VL). Methods: Eight women and nine men executed isometric torques lasting 5s at the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 25%, 50% and 75% of MVC, on an isokinetic dynamometer with the KA at 90° and 120° (full extension = 180°). The PA was measured in each test, and with the subject relaxed. The effect of IC on PA was tested by means of repeated measures ANOVA and effect size (ES), and of the KA on PA by paired t test, employed on each IC, together with the statistics: intraclass correlation (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and ES, all calculated with the PAs measured at both KAs. Results: The PA increased significantly and successively with the IC (p < 0.05; ES between 1.11 and 3.04), but was not influenced by KA (p > 0.05; ICC between 0.70 and 0.81; SEM between 0.7° and 1.4°; ES between 0.02 and 0.2). Conclusion: The successive increase of PA with the IC supports the existence of relation between these variables. While studies advocate the effect of PA on joint angle this was not observed in this study, probable because the 30o of between KA difference employed was not enough to provide change in PA.

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Upper-Extremity Volume Measurements in Women With Lymphedema: A Comparison of Measurements Obtained Via Water Displacement With Geometrically Determined Volume

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/82.12.1201 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 1201-1212 ◽

Cited By ~ 151

Author(s):

Antoinette P Sander ◽

Nicole M Hajer ◽

Kristie Hemenway ◽

Amy C Miller

Keyword(s):

Upper Extremity ◽

Standard Error ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Strongly Correlated ◽

Water Displacement ◽

Volume Measurements ◽

Water Volumes ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Upper-extremity (UE) swelling following breast cancer treatment is a frequent manifestation of lymphedema. In order to document outcomes from lymphedema treatments, reliable, valid, and practical measurements of UE swelling are necessary. The purpose of this study was to compare geometric methods of determining UE volumes with water displacement methods. Subjects. The edematous hand, forearm, and upper arm of 50 women with UE swelling secondary to lymphedema were measured. Methods. Upper-extremity volumes were determined by water displacement using arm and hand volumeters. Displaced water was weighed to determine volume. Circumferential girth measurements were taken. Width and depth measurements of the hand were taken with a tension-controlled caliper. Geometric volume formulas for a cylinder, frustum, rectangular solid, and trapezoidal solid were used to calculate volumes of the arm and hand at different measurement intervals. Results. Intraclass correlation coefficients [2,1] for interrater and intrarater reliability of all water and geometric measurements of the arm and hand were .91 to .99 and .92 to .99, respectively. Water displacement correlated with geometric measurements in the arm (r=.97–.98) and in the hand (r=.81–.91). The limits of agreement (LOA) indicated that water and geometric measurements of arm volume differed by 479 to 655 mL. Scatterplots of the LOA data indicated in that geometric volumes were either larger or smaller than water volumes. The smallest standard error of measurement for the arm measurements was for the 6-cm frustum method at 115 mL; for the hand measurements, the smallest standard error of measurement was for the frustum method at 16 mL. Discussion and Conclusion. Volume of an edematous UE calculated by geometric formulas correlated strongly with volume determined by water displacement. Although strongly correlated, the measurements obtained by the 2 methods did not agree.

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Intrarater and Interrater Reliability of First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Dorsiflexion

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association ◽

10.7547/1020290 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 290-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Angela M. Jones ◽

Sarah A. Curran

Keyword(s):

Standard Error ◽

Interrater Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Visual Estimation ◽

First Metatarsophalangeal Joint ◽

Real Size ◽

Continued Use ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

Background: Visual estimation (VE) and goniometric measurement (GM) are commonly used to assess first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion. The purposes of this study were to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of VE and GM and to establish whether reliability was influenced by the experience of the examiner. Methods: Ten experienced and ten inexperienced examiners evaluated three real-size photographs of a first metatarsophalangeal joint positioned in various degrees of dorsiflexion on two separate occasions. Results: Experienced examiners demonstrated excellent intrarater and interrater reliability for GM (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], >0.953; standard error of measurement [SEM], 1.8°–2.5°) compared with inexperienced examiners, who showed fair-to-good intrarater and interrater reliability (ICC, 0.322–0.597; SEM, 2.0°–3.0°). For VE, inexperienced examiners demonstrated fair-to-good interrater and excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC, 0.666–0.808), which was higher compared with experienced examiners (ICC, 0.167–0.672). The SEM (2.8°–4.4°) was less varied than that of experienced examiners (SEM, 3.8°–6.4°) for VE, but neither group’s SEMs were clinically acceptable. Conclusions: Although minimal differences between intrarater and interrater reliability of GM and VE are noted, this study suggests that GM is more reliable than VE is when used by experienced examiners. These findings support the continued use of GM for first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion assessment. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(4): 290–298, 2012)

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Assessing Reliability and Precision of Measurement: An Introduction to Intraclass Correlation and Standard Error of Measurement

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2.1.35 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 35-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 176

Author(s):

Craig R. Denegar ◽

Donald W. Ball

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Standard Error ◽

Sports Medicine ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Research Project ◽

Variance Estimates ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

The reliability and precision of measurement in sports medicine are of concern in both research and clinical practice. The validity of conclusions drawn from a research project and the rationale for decisions made about the care of an injured athlete are directly related to the precision of measurement. Through analysis of variance, estimates of reliability and precision of measurement can be quantified. The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce the concepts of intraclass correlation as an estimate of reliability and standard error of measurement as an estimate of precision. The need for a standardized set of formulas for intraclass correlation is demonstrated, and it is urged that the standard error of measurement be included when estimates of reliability are reported. In addition, three examples are provided to illustrate important concepts and familiarize the reader with the process of calculating these estimates of reliability and precision of measurement.

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Errors in Measuring Glenohumeral Arthrokinematics With 2-Dimensional Fluoroscopy

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2020-0098 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Meena Makhija ◽

Jasobanta Sethi ◽

Chitra Kataria ◽

Harpreet Singh ◽

Paula M. Ludewig ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Standard Error ◽

Humeral Head ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Optical Distortion ◽

Small Magnitude ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Scapular Plane ◽

Error Of Measurement

Two-dimensional fluoroscopic imaging allows measurement of small magnitude humeral head translations that are prone to errors due to optical distortion, out-of-plane imaging, repeated manual identification of landmarks, and magnification. This article presents results from in vivo and in vitro fluoroscopy-based experiments that measure the errors and variability in estimating the humeral head translated position in true scapular plane and axillary views. The errors were expressed as bias and accuracy. The variability with repeated digitization was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the standard error of measurement. Optical distortion caused underestimation of linear distances. The accuracy was 0.11 and 0.43 mm for in vitro and in vivo experiments, respectively, for optical distortion. The intrarater reliability was excellent for both views (ICC = .94 and .93), and interrater reliability was excellent (ICC = .95) for true scapular view but moderate (ICC = .74) for axillary views. The standard error of measurement ranged from 0.27 to 0.58 mm. The accuracy for the humeral head position in 10° out of true scapular plane images ranged from 0.80 to 0.87 mm. The current study quantifies the magnitude of error. The results suggest that suitable measures could be incorporated to minimize errors and variability for the measurement of glenohumeral parameters.

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