Pennation angle of vastus laterallis during isometric contractions performed at two knee angles

Abstract Introduction: The pennation angle (PA) of a muscle is not static value, but it adapts to the conditions imposed by the contraction intensity required. Objective: This study investigates the effect of knee angle (KA) and intensity of contraction (IC) on PA of vastus lateralis (VL). Methods: Eight women and nine men executed isometric torques lasting 5s at the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 25%, 50% and 75% of MVC, on an isokinetic dynamometer with the KA at 90° and 120° (full extension = 180°). The PA was measured in each test, and with the subject relaxed. The effect of IC on PA was tested by means of repeated measures ANOVA and effect size (ES), and of the KA on PA by paired t test, employed on each IC, together with the statistics: intraclass correlation (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and ES, all calculated with the PAs measured at both KAs. Results: The PA increased significantly and successively with the IC (p < 0.05; ES between 1.11 and 3.04), but was not influenced by KA (p > 0.05; ICC between 0.70 and 0.81; SEM between 0.7° and 1.4°; ES between 0.02 and 0.2). Conclusion: The successive increase of PA with the IC supports the existence of relation between these variables. While studies advocate the effect of PA on joint angle this was not observed in this study, probable because the 30o of between KA difference employed was not enough to provide change in PA.

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Measurement of Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction: A Multicenter Intertester Reliability Study

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/79.12.1134 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 79 (12) ◽

pp. 1134-1141 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Janet K Freburger ◽

Daniel L Riddle

Keyword(s):

Standard Error ◽

Sacroiliac Joint ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Kappa Coefficient ◽

Outpatient Clinics ◽

Reliability Study ◽

Kappa Value ◽

The Subject ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Previous research suggests that visual estimates of sacroiliac joint (SIJ) alignment are unreliable. The purpose of this study was to determine whether handheld calipers and an inclinometer could be used to obtain reliable measurements of SIJ alignment in subjects suspected of having SIJ dysfunction. Subjects. Seventy-three subjects, evaluated at 1 of 5 outpatient clinics, participated in the study. Methods. A total of 23 therapists, randomly paired for each subject, served as examiners. The angle of inclination of each innominate was measured while the subject was standing. The position of the innominates relative to each other was then derived. An intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of measurement (SEM), and a kappa coefficient were calculated to examine the reliability of the derived measurements. Results. The ICC was .27, the SEM was 5.4 degrees, and the kappa value was .18. Conclusion and Discussion. Measurements of SIJ alignment were unreliable. Therapists should consider procedures other than those that assess SIJ alignment when evaluating the SIJ.

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Reliability

10.1093/med/9780199685219.003.0008 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

David L. Streiner ◽

Geoffrey R. Norman ◽

John Cairney

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Standard Form ◽

Reliability Estimate ◽

Repeated Measures Anova ◽

Multiple Observations ◽

Reliability Estimates ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Size Estimates ◽

Error Of Measurement

This chapter reviews the basic theory of reliability, and examines the relation between reliability and measurement error. It derives the standard form of reliability, the intraclass correlation or ICC, from repeated measures ANOVA. The chapter explores issues in the application of the reliability coefficient, including absolute versus relative reliability, the reliability of multiple observations, and the standard error of measurement. It examines several other measures of reliability—Cohen’s kappa, Pearson r, and the method of Altman and Bland—and derives the relation between them and the ICC. The chapter determines the variance of a reliability estimate. It also calculates sample size estimates for reliability studies, and methods to combine reliability estimates in systematic reviews.

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Reliability of Ankle–Foot Complex Isokinetic Strength Assessment Using the Isomed 2000 Dynamometer

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina54030043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 43 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zuzana Gonosova ◽

Petr Linduska ◽

Lucia Bizovska ◽

Zdenek Svoboda

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Peak Torque ◽

Isokinetic Dynamometer ◽

Strength Assessment ◽

Future Studies ◽

Measurement Session ◽

Muscle Actions ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Familiarization Session ◽

Error Of Measurement

For quantifying muscle strength in clinical and research practice, establishing the reliability of measurements, specifically to the procedures used, is essential for credible findings. The objective was to establish the reliability of isokinetic measurement of ankle plantar and dorsal flexors (PF/DF) and invertors and evertors (INV/EV) on an IsoMed 2000 dynamometer. Twenty healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females, mean age: 23.1 ± 3.1 years) completed an isokinetic measurement session. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement were assessed for peak torque and work of ankle PF/DF (concentric and eccentric) and INV/EV (concentric) for the preferred and nonpreferred limb. Standardized isokinetic measurements of reciprocal PF/DF and INV/EV muscle actions were associated with ICC ranging from 0.77 to 0.98 for the majority of observed parameters. The exception was work in the eccentric mode in the ankle DF and peak torque in the concentric mode in the ankle INV on the preferred limb, where ICC ranged from 0.64 to 0.71. The IsoMed 2000 isokinetic dynamometer can be reliably employed in future studies for reciprocal ankle PF/DF and INV/EV assessment in healthy adult subjects after implementation of a familiarization session.

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Reliability of an isometric test for measuring the strength of the hip abductors and adductors

Bioscience Journal ◽

10.14393/bj-v36n3a2020-42693 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Manoella Regina de Souza Silva ◽

Thiago Keitiney Souza Teixeira Da Silva ◽

Valdemi Xavier Delmondes Junior ◽

Silvia Ribeiro Santos Araújo ◽

Adriano Percival Calderaro Calvo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Complex Structures ◽

Hip Joints ◽

Physically Active ◽

Adductor Muscles ◽

Hip Abduction ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Dynamic Variables ◽

Error Of Measurement ◽

Familiarization Procedure

This study aimed to measure the reliability of a test for measuring the strength and strength imbalance of the hip abductors and adductors, using isokinetic equipment adapted for isometric testing. Thirteen healthy, physically active male individuals took part in the research. Two unilateral isometric tests were undertaken using a load cell attached to an adapted abductor bench machine: a hip abduction test and hip adduction test. Tests consisted of two maximum voluntary isometric contractions made for six seconds with a break of one minute between each. The following dynamic variables were measured: maximum force, mean force, rate of force development for each limb (right and left), and the existence of asymmetries between the limbs. For statistical analysis, the t-test, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM) were applied. Results: The methodology utilized for the evaluation of the hip abductors and adductors did not show reliability in most of the parameters researched, with the ICC neither sufficient or low, and the retest performance higher than the test (p < 0.05). The applied test was not reliable for assessing strength and strength imbalances of hip abductors and adductors in most of the parameters investigated. These results indicate that the hip joints, more precisely, the abductor and adductor muscles, are complex structures to be assessed. They need to be previously familiarized with the proposed exercise, as their performance does not occur habitually. It is recommended to develop new tests in order to measure hip abduction and adduction strength adding a prior familiarization procedure.

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Assessment of Knee Laxity Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.2.2.97 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 97-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kelly R. Holcomb ◽

Cheryl A. Skaggs ◽

Teddy W. Worrell ◽

Mark DeCarlo ◽

K. Donald Shelbourne

Keyword(s):

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ◽

Standard Error ◽

Cruciate Ligament ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Knee Laxity ◽

Testing Procedures ◽

Kt 1000 ◽

Anterior Cruciate ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Error Of Measurement

A paucity of information exists concerning reliability of the KT-1000 knee arthrometer (MEDmetric Corp., San Diego, CA) when used by different clinicians to assess the same anterior cruciate ligament-deficient patient. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and standard error of measurement of four clinicians who routinely report KT-1000 arthrometer values to referring orthopedic surgeons. Two physical therapists and two athletic trainers performed anterior laxity tests using the KT-1000 on 19 subjects. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM) were used to determine reliability. Intratester ICC ranged from .98 to 1.0 and intratesterSEMranged from 0.0 to .28 mm. Intertester ICC andSEMfor all four testers were .53 and 1.2 mm, respectively. A 95% confidence interval (M ± 1.96 ×SEM) of the intertester variability ranged from −0.18 to 4.52 mm. Therefore, large intertester variation existed in KT-1000 values. Each facility should standardize testing procedures and establish intratester and intertester reliability for all clinicians reporting KT-1000 values.

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Test–Retest Reliability of Skill Tests in the F-MARC Battery for Youth Soccer Players

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512519866038 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 126 (5) ◽

pp. 1006-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexis Padrón-Cabo ◽

Ezequiel Rey ◽

Alexandra Pérez-Ferreirós ◽

Anton Kalén

Keyword(s):

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Young Male ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Retest Reliability ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Test Retest Reliability ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Absolute Reliability ◽

Error Of Measurement

This study aimed to evaluate the test–retest reliability of soccer skill tests belonging to the F-MARC test battery. To avoid bias during talent identification and development, coaches and scouts should be using reliable tests for assessing soccer-specific skills in young male players. Fifty-two U-14 outfield male soccer players performed F-MARC soccer skill tests on two occasions, separated by 7 days. After familiarization, we administered two trial sessions of five skill tests: speed dribbling, juggling, shooting, passing, and heading. We assessed absolute reliability by expressing the standard error of measurement as a coefficient of variation with 95% limits of agreement, and we assessed relative reliability with the intraclass correlation coefficient and with Pearson’s correlation ( r). The results demonstrated satisfactory relative and absolute reliability for speed dribbling, right foot juggling, short passing, shooting a dead ball right, shooting from a pass, heading in front, and heading right. However, reliability values for left foot juggling, chest-head-foot juggling, head-left-foot-right foot-chest-head juggling, long pass, and shooting a dead ball left tests were not strong enough to suggest their usage by coaches in training or sport scientists in research.

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Reliability of a Measurement of Neck Flexor Muscle Endurance

Physical Therapy ◽

10.1093/ptj/85.12.1349 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 85 (12) ◽

pp. 1349-1355 ◽

Cited By ~ 120

Author(s):

Kevin D Harris ◽

Darren M Heer ◽

Tanja C Roy ◽

Diane M Santos ◽

Julie M Whitman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neck Pain ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Interrater Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Test Session ◽

Muscle Endurance ◽

Flexor Muscle ◽

Endurance Test ◽

Initial Session ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement

Abstract Background and Purpose. Neck flexor muscle endurance has been negatively correlated with cervical pain and dysfunction. The purposes of this study were to determine rater reliability in subjects both withand without neck pain and to determine whether there was a difference in neck flexor muscle endurance between the 2 groups. Subjects. Forty-one subjects with and without neck pain were enrolled in this repeated-measures reliability study. Methods. Two raters used an isometric neck retraction test to assess neck flexor muscle endurancefor all subjects during an initial session, and subjects without neck pain returned for testing 1 week later. Results. For the group without neck pain, intrarater reliability was good to excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(3,1)]=.82–.91), and interrater reliability was moderate to good (ICC[2,1]=.67–.78). The associated standard error of measurement (SEM) ranged from 8.0 to 11.0 seconds and from 12.6 to 15.3 seconds, respectively. For the group with neck pain, interrater reliability was moderate(ICC[2,1]=.67, SEM=11.5). Neck flexor muscle endurance test results for the group without neck pain (X̄=38.95 seconds, SD=26.4) and the group with neck pain (X̄=24.1 seconds, SD=12.8) were significantly different. Discussion and Conclusion. Reliability coefficients differed between the 2 groups and ranged from moderate to excellent and improved after the first test session. The interrater reliability of data obtained with the neck flexor muscle endurance test in people with neck pain must be improved in order for clinicians to distinguish a clinically meaningful change from measurement error. Neck flexor muscle endurance was both statistically and clinically greater for subjects without neck pain than for those with neck pain.

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The Number of Trials Required to Obtain a Representative Movement Pattern During a Hurdle Hop Exercise

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.2015-0121 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 295-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shane J. Gore ◽

Brendan M. Marshall ◽

Andrew D. Franklyn-Miller ◽

Eanna C. Falvey ◽

Kieran A. Moran

Keyword(s):

Sequential Analysis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Movement Pattern ◽

Scientific Justification ◽

Novel Method ◽

The Mean ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Anatomical Plane ◽

Coefficient Method ◽

Error Of Measurement

When reporting a subject’s mean movement pattern, it is important to ensure that reported values are representative of the subject’s typical movement. While previous studies have used the mean of 3 trials, scientific justification of this number is lacking. One approach is to determine statistically how many trials are required to achieve a representative mean. This study compared 4 methods of calculating the number of trials required in a hopping movement to achieve a representative mean. Fifteen males completed 15 trials of a lateral hurdle hop. Range of motion at the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle, in addition to peak moments for the latter 3 joints were examined. The number of trials required was computed using a peak intraclass correlation coefficient method, sequential analysis with a bandwidth of acceptable variance in the mean, and a novel method based on the standard error of measurement (SEMind). The number of trials required across all variables ranged from 2 to 12 depending on method, joint, and anatomical plane. The authors advocate the SEMind method as it demonstrated fewer limitations than the other methods. Using the SEMind, the required number of trials for a representative mean during the lateral hurdle hop is 6.

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Relative and Absolute Reliability of a Vertical Numerical Pain Rating Scale Supplemented With a Faces Pain Scale After Stroke

Physical Therapy ◽

10.2522/ptj.20120422 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 129-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Li-ling Chuang ◽

Ching-yi Wu ◽

Keh-chung Lin ◽

Ching-ju Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Pain Scale ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Limits Of Agreement ◽

Numerical Pain Rating Scale ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement ◽

Pain Rating Scale ◽

Absolute Reliability ◽

Error Of Measurement

BackgroundPain is a serious adverse complication after stroke. The combination of a vertical numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) and a faces pain scale (FPS) has been advocated to measure pain after stroke.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to investigate whether an NPRS supplemented with an FPS (NPRS-FPS) would show good test-retest reliability in people with stroke. The relative and absolute reliability of the NPRS-FPS were examined.DesignA test-retest design was used for this study.MethodsFifty people (>3 months after stroke) participating in an outpatient occupational therapy program were recruited through medical centers to rate current pain intensity twice, at a 1-week interval, with the NPRS-FPS (on a scale from 0 to 10). The relative reliability of the NPRS-FPS was analyzed with the intraclass correlation coefficient for determining the degree of consistency and agreement between 2 measures. The standard error of measurement, the smallest real difference, and Bland-Altman limits of agreement were the absolute reliability indexes used to quantify measurement errors and determine systematic biases of repeated measurements.ResultsThe relative reliability of the NPRS-FPS was substantial (intraclass correlation coefficient=.82). The standard error of measurement and the smallest real difference at the 90% confidence interval of the NPRS-FPS were 0.81 and 1.87, respectively. The Bland-Altman analyses revealed no significant systematic bias between repeated measurements for the NPRS-FPS. The range of the limits of agreement for the NPRS-FPS was narrow (−2.50 to 1.90), indicating a high level of stability and little variation over time.LimitationsThe pain intensity of the participants ranged from no pain to a moderate level of pain.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the NPRS-FPS is a reliable measure of pain in people with stroke, with good relative and absolute reliability.

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Agreement between the Open Barbell and Tendo Linear Position Transducers for Monitoring Barbell Velocity during Resistance Exercise

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7050125 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 125

Author(s):

Adam M. Gonzalez ◽

Gerald T. Mangine ◽

Robert W. Spitz ◽

Jamie J. Ghigiarelli ◽

Katie M. Sell

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽

Coefficients Of Variation ◽

Repeated Measures Analysis ◽

Standard Error Of Measurement

To determine the agreement between the Open Barbell (OB) and Tendo weightlifting analyzer (TWA) for measuring barbell velocity, eleven men (19.4 ± 1.0 y) performed one set of 2–3 repetitions at four sub-maximal percentage loads, [i.e., 30, 50, 70, and 90% one-repetition maximum (1RM)] in the back (BS) and front squat (FS) exercises. During each repetition, peak and mean barbell velocity were recorded by OB and TWA devices, and the average of the 2–3 repetitions was used for analyses. Although the repeated measures analysis of variance revealed significantly (p ≤ 0.005) greater peak and mean velocity scores from OB across all intensities, high intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,K = 0.790–0.998), low standard error of measurement (SEM2,K = 0.040–0.119 m·s−1), and coefficients of variation (CV = 2–4%) suggested consistency between devices. Positive (r = 0.491–0.949) Pearson correlations between averages and differences (between devices) in peak velocity, as well as associated Bland-Altman plots, showed greater differences occurred as the velocity increased, particularly at low-moderate intensity loads. OB consistently provides greater barbell velocity scores compared to TWA, and the differences between devices were more apparent as the peak velocity increased with low-to-moderate loads. Strength coaches and athletes may find better agreement between devices if the mean velocity scores are only considered.

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