Development of mandatory & voluntary instruments of sustainability reporting (SR) according to carrots & sticks 2006 - 2016
Sustainability Report (SR) has become one of the main reports of the world's leading companies. In 2005, it was found that more than 250 top companies listed on the Fortune 500 had prepared SR separately from the Annual Report. The development of the number of SRs in each country varies. In the developed countries, awareness to compile and issue SR is supported by government regulations so that SR becomes mandatory. In developing countries, SR is still voluntary because there is still no regulation that requires companies to compile and issue SR. The Carrots & Sticks report, compiled and published by KPMG, United Nations Environment Program, Unit for Corporate Governance in Africa & the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), provided details on the development of mandatory and voluntary instruments in implementing Sustainability Reporting (SR) in various Countries throughout the world from 2006 to 2016. Therefore, this research aims to find out the development of the mandatory and voluntary instruments (government policies) related to SR in the world. This type of research is a literature review. The research instrument used consists of a tabulation containing the development of the mandatory and voluntary instruments (government policy) related to SR in the world, then the researcher conducted an analysis of these findings. The results show that there is an increasing enthusiasm for the application of SR throughout the world. There is an increase in commitment and efforts to achieve transparency and accountability. In countries that have an interest in SR, there has been a significant development, such as 19 countries in 2006, 32 countries in 2010, 45 countries and regions in 2013, and 71 countries and regions in 2016. Indonesia is one of the countries in the Asia Pacific region that has given attention to SR and has its regulations. SR regulations have grown from 180 in 2013 to 400 in 2016, with government regulations dominating 80% of all regulations. Mandatory instruments dominate more than voluntary instruments. Application of SR 30% is for large companies that have been listed on the stock exchange. SR reporting by public companies has covered all sectors on the stock exchange. This development was greatly influenced by the role of the government which encouraged companies to disclose information about sustainability in their annual reports. "Social" reporting instruments show a faster development than "environmental" reporting instruments.