scholarly journals Periodic deworming programme in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e100091110722
Author(s):  
Ariel Oliveira Celestino ◽  
Pablo Amercio Silva Lima ◽  
Larissa Maria Cardoso Lima Rodrigues ◽  
Camila Mendonça França ◽  
Isabel Ribeiro Santana Lopes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helminth Infection ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Observational Descriptive Study

To evaluate the periodic deworming programme (PDP) against soil-transmitted helminth infection and estimate the cost-benefit of this action in a Northeastern Brazilian State. An observational descriptive study was peformed by two branches: an epidemiological analysis of parasitological stool tests positivity in the 7 health micro-regions of Sergipe State, from January to June 2019, and a cost-benefitial analysis through comparison between estimated costs of PDP and conventional diagnose and treatment method from 2014 to 2018. From the 1110 parasitological stool tests evaluated, 317 were positive: 20 (1.8 %) for helminths and 307 (26.7%) for protozoan parasites. Among positive tests, 61 (19.2%) were in PDP age target group (5-14 years). An annual average of 255,283 Albendazole tablets (400mg, single dose) were distributed with an annual average coverage rate of 84.2%. To support the programme, approximately R$ 281,859.25 (US$ 89,775.67) were transferred per year to the state of Sergipe. PDP estimated cost-effectiveness was R$ 1.10 (US$ 0.34) per event prevented and generated a cost-minimization of approximately R$ 335.617,60 (US$124,568.00) when compared to the conventional diagnose and treat method. The positive rates of soil-transmitted helminth infection in parasitological tests in Sergipe were low and the recommendation for PDP seems to be currently inadequate. Most positive tests were for commensal protozoa species. PDP estimated cost is lower than conventional diagnose and treatment method. Protozoa infections prevention policies should be evaluated as they are the major parasitic infection in our community after PDP.

scholarly journals PHARMACOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF STATIN TABLETS - IN VITRO PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 210
Author(s):  
Vidyavathi M ◽  
Koteswaramma L ◽  
Krishnaveni A ◽  
Madhuri T ◽  
Sarada B
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Pharmacoeconomic Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Vitro Performance

Objective: Pharmacoeconomics refers to the scientific discipline that compares the value of pharmaceutical drugs or drug therapies. The pharmacoeconomic analysis includes the research methods related to cost minimization, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analysis. The present study concerned with the pharmacoeconomic analysis of statin tablets (simvastatin [S1-S5], atorvastatin [A1-A5], and rosuvastatin [R1-R5]) of different brands which are varying in their prices using in vitro evaluation methods of tablets.Methods: Weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, and dissolution tests of all selected statin tablets were performed as per official procedure for the pharmacoeconomic comparative analysis.Results: It was found the least T90% with S5 and high T90% with S1 tablets among simvastatin tablets, the least T90% was observed with A1 and A5 and high T90% with A2 tablets among atorvastatin tablets, and least T 90% was observed with R5 and high T90% with R2 was found among rosuvastatin tablets without any relation with their order of prices. Hence, the study concluded that there is no significant correlation between cost and in vitro performance as there is no excellent in vitro performance found from the costliest tablets and vice versa.Conclusion: The range of the cost of different marketed statin tablets is from Rs.17.5 to Rs.127.0 per a strip of 10 tablets. All brands of three drugs have equal strength which are assumed to produce the same outcomes. As there is no significant correlation between cost and results of some of in vitro parameters of the tablets, the cost minimization analysis can be ruled out for these brands of S1 to

scholarly journals Outlook of Pharmacoeconomics and its status in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-58
Author(s):  
Sabita Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Nonmedical Cost ◽  
Effective Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Effective Analysis

Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics which is derived from latin word “Pharmacon”- and “Economia”- It deals with the economic aspect of health that is the costs of health services. There are different types of costs which is affecting the health services. There is not only the direct medical cost, but also direct nonmedical cost, indirect nonmedical costs and intangible cost. The consequences of therapy are evaluated from economic, clinical and humanistic perspective, also known as the ECHO model. There are partial and full pharmacoeconomic analyses. The partial analyses are cost of illness and cost of consequence. The full analyses are cost effective, cost benefit, cost utility and cost minimization analyses. The cost effective analysis is the most commonly used analysis.

scholarly journals Feasibility and Barriers for Anaerobic Digestion in Mexico City

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 4114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsydenova ◽  
Morillas ◽  
Hernández ◽  
Soria ◽  
Wilches ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Msw Composition ◽  
The Cost

Due to the high organic fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) composition in Mexico City, anaerobic digestion (AD) is considered as a viable treatment method for organics in this study. The most feasible way refers to the waste from the wholesale market Central de Abasto, which is predominantly organics. This work aims to perform a business plan and discuss the barriers for AD technology in Mexico. In this case study, the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) approach is applied to estimate the profitability of the project. The net present value of this project is positive, and the model resulted in a payback period of 7 years. Identified barriers to feasibility of energy generation through biogas of MSW in Mexico include the need for large investment, low profitability through sales of electricity, and no use for generated heat. An attractive panorama for clean energy in Mexico was not evidenced, even though the Energy Reform took place in 2013. However, the environmental analysis also demonstrates a positive environmental impact of 730 kg CO2 per 1 Mg of MSW. Therefore, support incentives are needed to promote the use of other by-products of the AD process, such as heat and digestate.

Cost-Effectiveness of Adherence-Enhancing Interventions: A Quality Assessment of the Evidence

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A Elliott ◽  
Nick Barber ◽  
Rob Horne
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
English Language ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Study Selection ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the current cost-effectiveness evidence on adherence-enhancing interventions (AEIs) was of sufficient quality to aid in decision-making regarding medication adherence policies. DATA SOURCES: A computerized search of Embase, MEDLINE, Cinahl, Econlit, NHSEED, Psychlit, EPIC, and Cochrane databases (1980–April 2004) was performed. English-language human subject articles were identified using the key words compliance, adherence, concordance, patient assistance, therapeutic alliance, costs, economics, efficiency, resource use/utilization, cost-of illness, cost-effectiveness, cost-minimization, cost-utility, and cost-benefit. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Studies that appeared to assess the cost-effectiveness of medication AEIs were included. Methodologic rigor was assessed using 15 minimum quality criteria. DATA SYNTHESIS: We found 45 comparative studies in 43 publications. Asthma (14 studies) and psychiatric illness (12 studies) were most commonly investigated. In 33 studies, interventions were educational, 18 had multiple components, and 23 did not appear to be linked to proven reasons for nonadherence. Reporting of adherence and outcome results was often unclear. Cost data were poorer quality than outcome data, using average or estimated costs and omitting some cost elements. Nine studies carried out incremental economic analysis. No study met all quality criteria. CONCLUSIONS: We were not able to make definitive conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of AEIs due to the heterogeneity of the studies found and incomplete reporting of results. Important policy decisions need to be made about nonadherence; however, they are currently being made in a vacuum of adequate information. AEIs must be based on reasons for nonadherence and be evaluated using accepted clinical and economic quality criteria.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Evidence Law and Factfinding

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Talia Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Optimal Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Evidence Law ◽  
Social Costs And Benefits ◽  
Evidence And Proof ◽  
The Cost

Utility considerations have been central to legal factfinding, at least since the days of Jeremy Bentham, the founding father of utilitarianism and a prominent evidence law theorist. A direct line can be drawn from Bentham’s “principle of utility” to cost-benefit analysis (CBA) so it would seem only natural that the realms of evidence law and judicial factfinding would harbor this type of reasoning. However, when legal scholarship began to incorporate economic reasoning and to address issues from a CBA perspective, evidence law and the practice of judicial factfinding remained very much out of the picture. The object of this chapter is to highlight the prospects for integrating CBA into contemporary evidentiary policy and institutions, and to draw the general contours of the evolving scholarship in these fields of research. It describes and analyzes two economically driven models of evidence and proof: the cost-minimization model, geared toward minimization of the cost of errors and the cost of accuracy as a total sum, and the primary behavior model aiming to incentivize socially optimal behavior and interactions. This analysis identifies the models’ difficulties, engendered, for the most part, by the misalignment between the private and the social costs and benefits of adjudication, and addresses the models’ relationship to the existing evidentiary rules and institutions.

Hostile Takeovers and Anti-takeover Defenses in the Russian Corporate Market

2007 ◽  
pp. 70-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Hostile Takeovers ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Takeover Defenses ◽  
The Cost ◽  
European Markets

This article analyzes definitions and the role of hostile takeovers at the Russian and European markets for corporate control. It develops the methodology of assessing the efficiency of anti-takeover defenses adapted to the conditions of the Russian market. The paper uses the cost-benefit analysis, where the costs and benefits of the pre-bid and post-bid defenses are compared.

The Evolutionary Psychology of Scientific Publishing: Cost-Benefit Optimization of Players in the Game

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milind Watve
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Current System ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Scientific Publishing ◽  
Collective Goal ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Innate Tendency

Peer reviewed scientific publishing is critical for communicating important findings, interpretations and theories in any branch of science. While the value of peer review is rarely doubted, much concern is being raised about the possible biases in the process. I argue here that most of the biases originate in the evolved innate tendency of every player to optimize one’s own cost benefits. Different players in the scientific publishing game have different cost-benefit optima. There are multiple conflicts between individual optima and collective goals. An analysis of the cost-benefit optima of every player in the scientific publishing game shows how and why biases originate. In the current system of publishing, by optimization considerations, the probability of publishing a ‘bad’ manuscript is relatively small but the probability of rejecting a ‘good’ manuscript is very high. By continuing with the current publishing structure, the global distribution of the scientific community would be increasingly clustered. Publication biases by gender, ethnicity, reputation, conformation and conformity will be increasingly common and revolutionary concepts increasingly difficult to publish. Ultimately, I explore the possibility of designing a peer review publishing system in which the conflicts between individual optimization and collective goal can be minimized. In such a system, if everyone behaves with maximum selfishness, biases would be minimized and the progress towards the collective goal would be faster and smoother. Changing towards such a system might prove difficult unless a critical mass of authors take an active role to revolutionize scientific publishing.

What's it Worth? Improving Surface Water Quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Newsome ◽  
C. D. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Many countries are investing in measures to improve surface water quality, but the investment programmes for so doing are increasingly becoming subject to cost-benefit analysis. Whilst the cost of control measures can usually be determined for individual improvement schemes, there are currently no established procedures for valuing the benefits attributable to improved surface water quality. The paper describes a methodology that has been derived that now makes this possible.

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