scholarly journals A Preliminary Experiment of Non-Catalytic Transesterification: Thermal Analysis of Palm Oil and Biodiesel at Different Ratio

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Mei Yin Ong ◽  
Bello Salman ◽  
Nor-Insyirah SAL ◽  
Refal Hussein ◽  
Saifuddin Nomanbhay
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Microwave Energy ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
External Energy ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Temperature Range ◽  
Subcritical Condition

Currently, the biodiesel production technology is moving toward the trend of non-catalytic reaction under subcritical condition as the conventional non-catalytic transesterification requires high energy input and high production cost. Hence, non-catalytic biodiesel production under subcritical condition using microwave energy is proposed. Before that, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted to characterize the biodiesel feedstock and determine the suitable experimental temperature range for the proposed method. Besides, the thermal behavior of the palm oil and biodiesel at different stages of reaction was also investigated. The results showed that the palm oil and biodiesel were started to degrade from 335ºC and 160ºC respectively. However, the degradation point of palm oil was higher than the supercritical temperature of DMC. So, external energy is needed to bring down the operating condition, such as microwave energy as it has potential to reduce the activation energy. To further eliminate the problem of biodiesel thermal degradation during the transesterification process, the suggested experimental temperature range is within 80ºC to 180ºC, which is from the temperature lower than the boiling point of DMC (<90ºC) to the temperature slightly higher than the biodiesel thermal degradation point. Furthermore, DSC result indicated that palm oil requires 518.35kJ/mol to decompose.

Solvolysis of Sulphonyl Halides. II. The Alcoholysis of Aromatic Sulphonyl Chlorides in Ethanol-Acetone and Methanol-Acetone

1961 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
FE Jenkins ◽  
AN Hambly
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Isokinetic Temperature ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Temperature Range

The solvolysis of aromatic sulphonyl chlorides in methanol-acetone and ethanol-acetone shows only small, irregular effects due to para-substituents because the experimental temperature range is close to the isokinetic temperature. The modification of reaction conditions in SN2 substitutions, so that the isokinetic condition is brought into the experimental temperature range, is discussed. Rates for methanolysis are lower than those for hydrolysis and are about four times the rates for the corresponding ethanolysis reactions.

scholarly journals THE ADDITION OF PETROLEUM BENZIN IN MIXING OF CRUDE PALM OIL AND METHANOL ON BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-204
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
F Fadhillah ◽  
Supranto Supranto ◽  
A. Prasetya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Optimum Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Temperature Range

Research on transesterification of crude palm oil (CPO) using petroleum benzin as solvent has been done. This research aims to determine the optimum concentration of catalyst KOH and NaOH, mole ratio of methanol to oil, volume ratio of solvent to oil, and temperature range of solvent. This research also observes the influence of changing in methanol concentration and levels of palm oil free fatty acids (FFA) on biodiesel production. In this research, transesterification was preceded by esterification for 10 min using sulphuric acid catalyst. The results showed that KOH gave better results than NaOH as catalyst with optimum concentration was 1.75% (w/v). Mole ratio of methanol to palm oil optimum was 6:1, and volume ratio of solvent to palm oil optimum was 2:5. Optimum temperature range of the solvent was 70-90 °C. Decreasing on concentration of methanol, and increasing of free fatty acids (FFA) level gave negative impact on the biodiesel production, more over on transesterification without solvent. The characteristics (phosphor content, density, water content, ash content, carbon residue, energy content and chemical components) of biodiesel which was produced using petroleum benzin relatively similar to biodiesel produced in the normal way (without solvent). Decreasing on concentration of methanol, and increasing on level of free fatty acids (FFA) gave a negative impact on the biodiesel, more over on transesterification without solvent. Keywords: transesterification, CPO, solvent, petroleum benzin

Gas Pressure Forming of Amorphous Fe78Si9B13 Alloy

2007 ◽  
Vol 551-552 ◽  
pp. 575-580
Author(s):  
Xi Feng Li ◽  
Kai Feng Zhang ◽  
Wen Bo Han ◽  
Guo Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Deformation Behavior ◽  
Amorphous Ribbon ◽  
Superplastic Forming ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Dome Height ◽  
Ribbon Thickness ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Temperature Range

The deformation behavior of gas pressure forming of amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy was investigated under equibiaxial tension. The gas pressure forming was carried out in the temperature range of 430°C~530°C below the crystallization temperature Tx and die apertures of 5mm~10mm. The dome height and amorphous ribbon thickness of deformed specimens at the pole was measured. It was found that amorphous Fe78Si9B13 alloy had exhibited good plasticity in the experimental temperature range. The near-semisphere specimens of the radius 5mm and the height 4.5mm were obtained from the gas-pressure forming at 450°C and 530°C for 30min, which is similar to the superplastic forming.

An isokinetic relationship in the oxidation of acetals by ozone. Evidence for rotation before the oxidation of acyclic acetals

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (23) ◽  
pp. 3041-3046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland J. Taillefer ◽  
Shirley E. Thomas ◽  
Yves Nadeau ◽  
Helmut Beierbeck
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Change ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Isokinetic Temperature ◽  
Isokinetic Relationship ◽  
Cyclic Acetals ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Order Rate ◽  
Experimental Temperature Range

Second order rate constants for the oxidation by ozone of several acyclic acetals of heptaldehyde were determined at several temperatures. An isokinetic relationship is shown to exist for this series of reactions and the isokinetic temperature was found to be below the experimental temperature range, a domain of temperatures where reactivity is dominated by entropy factors. These results are contrasted with those obtained for cyclic acetals of heptaldehyde, where the isokinetic temperature falls above the working temperatures, a domain of temperatures where reactivity depends mainly on enthalpy factors. These results are interpreted in terms of a conformational change before oxidation in the acyclic acetals.

A comparison of two empirical pKa(T) equations from 298 to 448 K for 2,9-Dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline

1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Temperature ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Experimental Temperature Range

The two most commonly used three-term equation1,2 describing the variation of pKa with temperature are compared over the range 298-448 K for 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. Both equations represent the data equally well over the experimental temperature range. First-difference calculations and the Σ-plot method are used to fit the data.

Enabling highly reversible sodium metal cycling across a wide temperature range with dual-salt electrolytes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akila C. Thenuwara ◽  
Pralav P. Shetty ◽  
Neha Kondekar ◽  
Chuanlong Wang ◽  
Weiyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Temperature Range ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Electrolyte ◽  
Metal Cycling ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Sodium Metal ◽  
Wide Range

A new dual-salt liquid electrolyte is developed that enables the reversible operation of high-energy sodium-metal-based batteries over a wide range of temperatures down to −50 °C.

Optimization of biodiesel production by transesterification of palm oil and evaluation of biodiesel quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Soly Peter ◽  
Mathews P. Alias ◽  
Mildo P. Iype ◽  
Jerin Jolly ◽  
Vishnu Sankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biodiesel Quality

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

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