Joint Canada-U.S. Survey in the Mount Kennedy Region

ARCTIC ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Canada. Surveys and Mapping Branch
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Yukon Territory ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
National Geographic Society ◽  
National Geographic ◽  
The North ◽  
Alaskan Coast

In 1935 a National Geographic Society glaciological expedition working in the St. Elias mountain range near the Alaska-Yukon Territory boundary described an unnamed mountain in the area as "magnificent, a granite peak sheathed in snow and ice on the south and west sides, and on the north and east sides has fantastic rock cliffs." Thirty years later this same peak was officially named Mount Kennedy in honour of the late President John F. Kennedy. A surge of activity in the area followed immediately. Senator Robert Kennedy climbed the mountain, an expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society is engaged in producing a large scale map of the mountain and its environs, and a joint U.S.-Canadian party has just completed a survey through the area which will determine the precise geographic position of the mountain's summit and its elevation. The survey party was composed of six men from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and two men from the Surveys and Mapping Branch of the Canadian Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. The main purpose of the work was to connect existing surveys along the Alaska Highway with similar surveys along the Alaskan coast. The work will strengthen the control surveys throughout the area and provide new control points for mapping. The decision to include Mount Kennedy in the survey, while adding a touch of glamour to the operation, greatly increased the difficulties. The survey itself consists of five main stations, connected by traverse, with auxiliary points established at alternate stations to provide additional checks on field measurements. The lengths of the four traverse courses varied from eight to thirty-nine miles; the distances were measured by electronic distance measuring equipment, and the angles were measured with precise theodolites using signal lights and heliotropes for targets. ...

Scholarship Versus Pedagogy: The Future of International Studies Education

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Complex World ◽  
National Geographic Society ◽  
Huge Number ◽  
National Geographic ◽  
Society Report

Student bashing has become all the rage. Allan Bloom has decried today's youth as “spiritually unclad, unconnected, isolated, and no inherited or unconditional connection with anything or anyone,” creating a storm of controversy. E. D. Hirsch has declared students to be culturally illiterate and the National Geographic Society now tells us they are geographically illiterate, as well.Admittedly, statistics can be powerfully persuasive and the results of the recent National Geographic Society report should shake us up. One in seven Americans surveyed could not find the United States on a world map, let alone name the country in which “apartheid” is official government policy. Obviously, something larger than map skills is at stake here. As the survey demonstrated, a huge number of Americans know virtually nothing about world affairs. In a country whose influence is global, millions of people display indifference to, and ignorance of events, beyond our borders.Surveys deocumenting the educational shortcomings of U.S. students indeed have become a dime a dozen. Yet whether or not we agree with these assessments, we have been undeniably offered a grim evaluation of both our students and the job we have done with them. I question, however, whether Bloom's “back to basics” prescription or the acquisition of Hirsch's data base of 5,000 key facts will really make our students smarter, more aware of the complex world they live in. Can “great books” alone (and who will choose them?) or arbitrary concepts devoid of context prepare our students for an interdependent world in which nothing—including the role of the United States— is really certain? Nonetheless, we are compelled to take a good, hard look at ourselves, to reexamine and clarify our role as educators, and to reaffirm education as a potential and potent vehicle for change.

scholarly journals Synoptic–Dynamic Climatology of Large-Scale Cyclones in the North Pacific

2006 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 3567-3587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Keller ◽  
Michael C. Morgan ◽  
David D. Houghton ◽  
Ross A. Lazear
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Height Anomaly ◽  
Maximum Frequency ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Central Pacific ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The North Pacific

Abstract A climatology of large-scale, persistent cyclonic flow anomalies over the North Pacific was constructed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) global reanalysis data for the cold season (November–March) for 1977–2003. These large-scale cyclone (LSC) events were identified as those periods for which the filtered geopotential height anomaly at a given analysis point was at least 100 m below its average for the date for at least 10 days. This study identifies a region of maximum frequency of LSC events at 45°N, 160°W [key point 1 (KP1)] for the entire period. This point is somewhat to the east of regions of maximum height variability noted in previous studies. A second key point (37.5°N, 162.5°W) was defined as the maximum in LSC frequency for the period after November 1988. The authors show that the difference in location of maximum LSC frequency is linked to a climate regime shift at about that time. LSC events occur with a maximum frequency in the period from November through January. A composite 500-hPa synoptic evolution, constructed relative to the event onset, suggests that the upper-tropospheric precursor for LSC events emerges from a quasi-stationary long-wave trough positioned off the east coast of Asia. In the middle and lower troposphere, the events are accompanied by cold thickness advection from a thermal trough over northeastern Asia. The composite mean sea level evolution reveals a cyclone that deepens while moving from the coast of Asia into the central Pacific. As the cyclone amplifies, it slows down in the central Pacific and becomes nearly stationary within a day of onset. Following onset, at 500 hPa, a stationary wave pattern, resembling the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern, emerges with a ridge immediately downstream (over western North America) and a trough farther downstream (from the southeast coast of the United States into the western North Atlantic). The implications for the resulting sensible weather and predictability of the flow are discussed. An adjoint-derived sensitivity study was conducted for one of the KP1 cases identified in the climatology. The results provide dynamical confirmation of the LSC precursor identification for the events. The upper-tropospheric precursor is seen to play a key role not only in the onset of the lower-tropospheric height falls and concomitant circulation increases, but also in the eastward extension of the polar jet across the Pacific. The evolution of the forecast sensitivities suggest that LSC events are not a manifestation of a modal instability of the time mean flow, but rather the growth of a favorably configured perturbation on the flow.

The experimental geoid 2020 – the first joint geoid model for the North American and Pacific Geopotential Datum 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Ming Wang ◽  
Xiaopeng Li ◽  
Kevin Ahlgren ◽  
Jordan Krcmaric ◽  
Ryan Hardy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Airborne Gravity ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
National Geodetic Survey ◽  
Geoid Model ◽  
Satellite Gravity ◽  
The North

<p>For the upcoming North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022, the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), the Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS) and the National Institute of Statistics and Geography of Mexico (INEGI) computed the first joint experimental gravimetric geoid model (xGEOID) on 1’x1’ grids that covers a region bordered by latitude 0 to 85 degree, longitude 180 to 350 degree east. xGEOID20 models are computed using terrestrial gravity data, the latest satellite gravity model GOCO06S, altimetric gravity data DTU15, and an additional nine airborne gravity blocks of the GRAV-D project, for a total of 63 blocks. In addition, a digital elevation model in a 3” grid was produced by combining MERIT, TanDEM-X, and USGS-NED and used for the topographic/gravimetric reductions. The geoid models computed from the height anomalies (NGS) and from the Helmert-Stokes scheme (CGS) were combined using two different weighting schemes, then evaluated against the independent GPS/leveling data sets. The models perform in a very similar way, and the geoid comparisons with the most accurate Geoid Slope Validation Surveys (GSVS) from 2011, 2014 and 2017 indicate that the relative geoid accuracy could be around 1-2 cm baseline lengths up to 300 km for these GSVS lines in the United States. The xGEOID20 A/B models were selected from the combined models based on the validation results. The geoid accuracies were also estimated using the forward modeling.</p>

scholarly journals Field Testing of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy Analyzers Measuring Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. Richardson ◽  
Natasha L. Miles ◽  
Kenneth J. Davis ◽  
Eric R. Crosson ◽  
Chris W. Rella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy ◽  
The North ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Field Deployment ◽  
Cavity Ring Down

Abstract Prevalent methods for making high-accuracy tower-based measurements of the CO2 mixing ratio, notably nondispersive infrared spectroscopy (NDIR), require frequent system calibration and sample drying. Wavelength-scanned cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) is an emerging laser-based technique with the advantages of improved stability and concurrent water vapor measurements. Results are presented from 30 months of field measurements from WS-CRDS systems at five sites in the upper Midwest of the United States. These systems were deployed in support of the North American Carbon Program’s Mid-Continent Intensive (MCI) from May 2007 to November 2009. Excluding one site, 2σ of quasi-daily magnitudes of the drifts, before applying field calibrations, are less than 0.38 ppm over the entire 30-month field deployment. After applying field calibrations using known tanks sampled every 20 h, residuals from known values are, depending on site, from 0.02 ±0.14 to 0.17 ±0.07 ppm. Eight months of WS-CRDS measurements collocated with a National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA)/Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL) NDIR system at West Branch, Iowa, show median daytime-only differences of −0.13 ±0.63 ppm on a daily time scale.

scholarly journals COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY DATA - AN AID TO THE COASTAL ENGINEER

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Robert F. A. Studds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Construction Plans ◽  
Topographic Surveys

In its long career of surveying and chartering the coastal waters of the United States and possessions, a career which dates back to the early part of the nineteenth century, the work of the Coast and Geodetic Survey has been associated with the problems of the coastal engineer. Its successive hydrographic and topographic surveys of the coastal regions furnish basic data for the study of changes in the coastline and adjacent underwater topography and the means to arrest these changes; its tide and current surveys provide the fundamental data necessary in the design of waterfront structures and in harbor improvement; and its geodetic control surveys provide an accurate base for the preliminary study and final construction plans for large-scale improvement projects. To a lesser extent the geomagnetic and seismologic data of the Bureau have also been used by the coastal engineer.

The north american vertical datum of 1988 (navd ‘88) internal status report prepared for cism ‘88 winnipeg, manitoba may 24-27, 1988

CISM journal ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
Fred W. Young ◽  
John Murakami
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Status Report ◽  
National Geodetic Survey ◽  
The North ◽  
Vertical Datum ◽  
History Of ◽  
Expected Benefits

Canada and the United States through their respective national geodetic survey organizations have been cooperating in a project to redefine the heights for bench marks in North America. This report will deal with a history of the levelling network in Canada, provide background information about the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD ‘88) Project itself, give an update concerning key Canadian activities and tasks related to the project, and finally state the expected benefits of such an undertaking.

Evaluating the Transfer of Care from Psychiatric Hospitals to District-Based Services

1993 ◽  
Vol 162 (S19) ◽  
pp. 6-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Leff
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Health ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Regional Medical

In July 1983 the Regional Medical Officer of the North East Thames Regional Health Authority (NETRHA) appeared on television to announce the closure of Claybury Hospital and much of Friern Hospital over a ten-year period.When NETRHA announced its decision, the policy to be pursued was innovative because it involved psychiatric hospitals serving inner-city populations, and because there was apparently no intention to achieve its aim by decanting patients into other psychiatric hospitals, as had been done with the closures of St Wulstan's and Banstead Hospitals. Although the run-down of psychiatric hospitals had been occurring at a steady rate in the United States and in England and Wales since the early 1950s, there had been few attempts to evaluate the policy, and none had been in any sense comprehensive (this supplement, paper 7). Clinicians and research workers in the field of social psychiatry were well aware of the need for large-scale evaluative studies, since protagonists and opponents of the policy of deinstitutionalisation were locked in a polemical argument which was pursued with increasing stridency through lack of reliable information.

scholarly journals Hydro-businesses: National and Global Demands on the São Francisco River Basin Environment of Brazil

2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (S18) ◽  
pp. 203-233
Author(s):  
Lucigleide Nery Nascimento ◽  
Mimi Larsen Becker
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Federal Policies ◽  
Sao Francisco River ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
São Francisco River

SummaryThe São Francisco River provided very obvious, close-by forms of sustenance for local communities. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the river became the place for large hydro-electric facilities, large-scale flooding, and population resettlement. A decade later, the federal government began working on pilot irrigation projects that would lead to areas described today as the Brazilian California. Hydro-power for Brazilian cities such as Recife and Salvador and irrigation for grapes and mangoes destined for the United States and Europe are among the eco-system services this river supplies. The purpose of federal policies for the north-east went beyond mitigation of the consequences of droughts, the hydraulic approach, and started to follow an economic approach based upon development; as a consequence, river and user came to be distant from one another. The two major intensive uses of the river, electricity and irrigation, threaten the long-term sustainability of this system.

scholarly journals Mesoscale processes for super heavy rainfall of Typhoon Morakot (2009) over Southern Taiwan

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 345-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-Y. Lin ◽  
H.-m. Hsu ◽  
Y.-F. Sheng ◽  
C.-H. Kuo ◽  
Y.-A. Liou
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Typhoon Morakot ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Trains ◽  
Convective Cells ◽  
Mesoscale Processes

Abstract. Within 100 h, a record-breaking rainfall, 2855 mm, was brought to Taiwan by typhoon Morakot in August 2009 resulting in devastating landslides and casualties. Analyses and simulations show that under favorable large-scale situations, this unprecedented precipitation was caused first by the convergence of the southerly component of the pre-existing strong southwesterly monsoonal flow and the northerly component of the typhoon circulation. Then the westerly component of southwesterly flow pushed the highly moist air (mean specific humidity >16 g/kg between 950 and 700 hPa from NCEP GFS data set) eastward against the Central Mountain Range, and forced it to lift in the preferred area. From the fine-scale numerical simulation, not only did the convergence itself provide the source of the heavy rainfall when it interacted with the topography, but also convective cells existed within the typhoon's main rainband. The convective cells were in the form of small rainbands perpendicular to the main one, and propagated as wave trains downwind. As the main rainband moved northward and reached the southern CMR, convective cells inside the narrow convergence zone to the south and those to the north as wave trains, both rained heavily as they were lifted by the west-facing mountain slopes. Those mesoscale processes were responsible for the unprecedented heavy rainfall total that accompanied this typhoon.

Large-scale spatial patterns of forest structural diversity

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald E. McRoberts ◽  
Susanne Winter ◽  
Gherardo Chirici ◽  
Elmar Hauk ◽  
Dieter R. Pelz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
The North ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Ecological Province

Forest structural diversity was estimated for an ecological province in the north-central region of the United States of America using data for nearly 350 000 trees observed on >12 000 forest inventory plots. Each plot was 672 m2 in area, and the sampling intensity was approximately 1 plot/2400 ha. Two indices were used for each of two commonly and accurately measured inventory variables: species count and the Shannon index for tree species and standard deviation and the Shannon index for tree diameter. The primary results of the study were fourfold: (i) ranges of spatial correlation for diversity indices were small, on the order of 5–10 km, (ii) high proportions of provincewide diversity were realized for circular areas with radii as small as 15 km, (iii) diversity for both species and diameter exhibited strong northwest to southeast spatial patterns, and (iv) plot-level α diameter diversity was highly correlated with mean plot-level tree diameter.

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