Economic and Legal Aspects of Environmental Protection when using Artificial Water Bodies

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mikhailovna MUKHLYNINA ◽  
Elena Ivanovna SHISHANOVA ◽  
Andrey Igorevich NIKIFOROV ◽  
Natalya Yevgenievna RYAZANOVA ◽  
Konstantyn Anatolyevich LEBEDEV
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Artificial Water Bodies ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Artificial Water ◽  
Environmental Crimes

The article is dedicated to the economic and legal aspects of environmental protection when using artificial water bodies. It was proved that to improve the efficiency of administrative responsibility for environmental crimes, the size of compensations and penalties should exceed the cost of actions of environmental protection. This will encourage the entities using artificial water bodies to provide advantages to the measures of environmental protection when using artificial water bodies formed within the limits of private land lots. It was offered to distinguish the legally valid and illegal damage to the environment. It was determined that the payment of compensation for the damage to the environment on the base of the special permission of the authorities was not considered a civil and legal liability. The payment of such compensation shall be considered a term for the legal use of the artificial water body by the methods that can be the reason for the damage to the environment.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Factors on Productivity of Reed Growths

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Edgars Čubars ◽  
Gotfrīds Noviks
Keyword(s):  
Water Body ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Artificial Water Bodies ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Artificial Water

The study shows results of research on reed productivity and on factors influencing this productivity. The research was performed during winter period from 2010 until 2012 in 23 natural and artificial water bodies of Latvia. The author of this study analyzed indexes of reed growth productivity and found regularities that statistically significantly (p less then 0,05) explain changes of reed productivity in water bodies depending on individual reed growing conditions in each water body. It is established that the productivity of reed growth depends on the amount of nutrients in the water of water body and that this productivity rises if the total concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water is increased. The reed productivity is lower in clearer water. This parameter may be used in order to evaluate the amount of extractable biomass. The coherence is characterized by statistically significant (p less then 0,05) regression equation.

scholarly journals The importance of small artificial water bodies as sources of methane emissions in Queensland, Australia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5281-5298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair Grinham ◽  
Simon Albert ◽  
Nathaniel Deering ◽  
Matthew Dunbabin ◽  
David Bastviken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Spatial Extent ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Artificial Water Bodies ◽  
Artificial Water

Abstract. Emissions from flooded land represent a direct source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Methane emissions from large, artificial water bodies have previously been considered, with numerous studies assessing emission rates and relatively simple procedures available to determine their surface area and generate upscaled emissions estimates. In contrast, the role of small artificial water bodies (ponds) is very poorly quantified, and estimation of emissions is constrained both by a lack of data on their spatial extent and a scarcity of direct flux measurements. In this study, we quantified the total surface area of water bodies < 105 m2 across Queensland, Australia, and emission rates from a variety of water body types and size classes. We found that the omission of small ponds from current official land use data has led to an underestimate of total flooded land area by 24 %, of small artificial water body surface area by 57 % and of the total number of artificial water bodies by 1 order of magnitude. All studied ponds were significant hotspots of methane production, dominated by ebullition (bubble) emissions. Two scaling approaches were developed with one based on pond primary use (stock watering, irrigation and urban lakes) and the other using size class. Both approaches indicated that ponds in Queensland alone emit over 1.6 Mt CO2 eq. yr−1, equivalent to 10 % of the state's entire land use, land use change and forestry sector emissions. With limited data from other regions suggesting similarly large numbers of ponds, high emissions per unit area and under-reporting of spatial extent, we conclude that small artificial water bodies may be a globally important missing source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.

Artificial Water Bodies of the Voronezh River Basin and Algae Biotechnology in Water Quality Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 50-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Antsiferova ◽  
V.V. Kul’nev ◽  
S.L. Shevyrev ◽  
E.V. Bespalova ◽  
N.I. Rusova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Ecological State ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Algae Biotechnology ◽  
Artificial Water Bodies ◽  
Artificial Water

A brief review of the ecological state of artificial water bodies is presented on the example of the Voronezh and Matyr reservoirs located in the basin of the river. Voronezh. Ecological-geochemical interrelation of water areas of reservoirs and adjacent territories with anthropogenic sources of pollution located on them is shown. The basis of the research is the bioindication method for the communities of phytoplankton and microphytobenthos. Changes in the sanitary and biological quality of the waters have been studied in the reservoirs, which are related, in particular, to the effect of anomalously high summer air temperatures in 2010–2012 and in subsequent years, and for the Matyr reservoir against this background, an estimate of the effectiveness of the use of algobiotechnology is given.

scholarly journals Tackling Environmental Crimes in Russia: Problems and Prospects from the Viewpoint of Building an Environmental and Legal Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Environmental Legislation ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Nature Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
Environmental Crimes

The author presents a brief historical overview of the institute of environmental-legal liability in Russian and foreign legislation and examines the relevance of introducing the concept of environmental-legal liability; the author also analyzes the discussion on including in Russian and foreign legislation a system of criminal law liability measures for crimes connected with the use of natural resources and environmental protection. The author examines views of Russian and foreign authors on the process of building environmental legislation and notes that it faces various problems. The greatest problem is that the public conscience is not ready for criminal law prohibitions in the environmental sphere, which leads to a high number of offences, the inability of law enforcement bodies to effectively use criminal law measures against people who have violated the nature protection legislation, the latent character of this group of crimes, the absence of unity and consistency in the actions of lawmakers, especially regarding the adoption of environmental normative legal acts at different levels. The author suggests replacing some concepts and norms used in Russian criminal legislation and changing the classification of environmental crimes. He uses the methods of comparative law to analyze the experience of creating a codified normative legal act in the sphere of nature protection. The author concludes that it is too early now to adopt an environmental code in Russia, that the legal system is not ready to build the institute of environmental legal liability and that it is necessary to develop environmental legislation through the traditional method – by including the corresponding rules in the acts of different branches of law. He examines the correlation between the existing administrative and criminal legal prohibitions and concludes that in some cases such prohibitions merge in public consciousness. The author states that the object of crime in the sphere of environmental protection is often multifaceted and complex. He presents the results of a sociological study and concludes that it is necessary to build a system of criminal law prohibitions that corresponds to the public needs and the existing level of legal culture of the people.

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