Cakupan Kesehatan Universal (UHC) Pekerja Sektor Informal di Indonesia

Health insurance receives a great deal of attention in the SDG’s, where one of its main targets is to guarantee a healthy life and to encourage welfare for all people of all ages or later to be called Universal Health Coverage (UHC). In Indonesia there are more informal workers than formal sector workers, but almost half of informal sector workers work without health insurance protection. This study aims to determine the achievement of UHC in terms of ownership of health insurance for informal sector workers. The database used in this study was sourced from SUSENAS 2018. Data processing and analysis techniques were carried out in a quantitative descriptive form of a single frequency table and a cross table. The results showed that based on socio-economic and demographic characteristics, Indonesian informal sector workers were dominated by men, living in rural areas, being married, being heads of households (KRT) and their partners, aged 18-44 years, having a population registration number (NIK) ), only completed the highest level of basic education, worked in industrial businesses, had no health complaints, was in households with the lowest 40 percent economic status, and did not self-medicate when ill. The study also found that there was still considerable variation in the achievement of UHC between provinces in Indonesia. When viewed by province, Aceh is the province with the highest percentage of health insurance ownership or UHC reaching 94.77 percent. Meanwhile West Kalimantan is the province with the lowest percentage of health insurance ownership, which is only 40.73 percent.

Download Full-text

The failure of community-based health insurance schemes in Tanzania: opening the black box of the implementation process

BMC Health Services Research ◽

10.1186/s12913-021-06643-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ramadhani Kigume ◽

Stephen Maluka

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Community Health ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Access To Health Services ◽

Community Based ◽

Community Based Health Insurance ◽

Urban Districts ◽

Health Fund ◽

The Government

Abstract Background Globally, there is increased advocacy for community-based health insurance (CBHI) schemes. Like other low and middle-income countries (LMICs), Tanzania officially established the Community Health Fund (CHF) in 2001 for rural areas; and Tiba Kwa Kadi (TIKA) for urban population since 2009. This study investigated the implementation of TIKA scheme in urban districts of Tanzania. Methods A descriptive qualitative case study was conducted in four urban districts in Tanzania in 2019. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and review of documents. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data. Results While TIKA scheme was important in increasing access to health services for the poor and other disadvantaged groups, it faced many challenges which hindered its performance. The challenges included frequent stock-out of drugs and medical supplies, which frustrated TIKA members and hence contributed to non-renewal of membership. In addition, the scheme was affected by poor collections and management of the revenue collected from TIKA members, limited benefit packages and low awareness of the community. Conclusions Similar to rural-based Community Health Fund, the TIKA scheme faced structural and operational challenges which subsequently resulted into low uptake of the schemes. In order to achieve universal health coverage, the government should consider integrating or merging Community-Based Health Insurance schemes into a single national pool with decentralised arms to win national support while also maintaining local accountability.

Download Full-text

Pengaruh Pendapatan, Pengetahuan Dan Kerentanan Penyakit Terhadap Willingness To Pay (WTP) Premi Jaminan Kesehatan Pada Pekerja Sektor Informal

KESMAS UWIGAMA: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.24903/kujkm.v7i1.1094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 48-59

Author(s):

Anom Dwi Prakoso

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Willingness To Pay ◽

Informal Sector ◽

Low Income ◽

Disease Susceptibility ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Susceptibility Data ◽

Central Java

Background: The Indonesian Government's target of Universal Coverage or 100% Health Insurance participation by 2019 failed to be achieved, even until the end of October 2020. The failure of universal coverage resulted in BPJS Health's finances getting worse after experiencing a deficit. Informal sector workers are the most dominant sector that has not participated in the Health Insurance scheme, totaling 30,487,891 workers. Low income, uncertainty each month, and the increase in contributions resulted in a decrease in Willingness to pay Health Insurance contributions. Research purposes: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of income, knowledge, and disease susceptibility to the willingness to pay (WTP) of health insurance contributions to informal sector workers. Method: This cross-sectional research was conducted in Kudus Regency, Central Java in January-February 2020. Sampling used purposive sampling with a total of 200 informal sector workers who had not yet participated in BPJS Kesehatan. The dependent variable is a willingness to pay. The independent variables are income, knowledge, and disease susceptibility. Data collection using a questionnaire and data analysis with logistic regression. Result: Willingness To Pay health insurance contributions for informal sector workers increased in income ≥Rp 2,218,451 (b = 2.02; 95% CI = 1.01-3.55; p = 0.044), high knowledge (b = 4.64; 95% CI = 2.36-8.31; p <0.001), high disease susceptibility (b = 3.01; 95% CI = 0.26-5.75; p = 0.031). Conclusion: Income, knowledge, and disease vulnerability have a significant effect on the willingness to pay for health insurance contributions for informal sector workers. Keywords: Universal Health Coverage; Willingness To Pay; Health Insurance; informal sector workers.

Download Full-text

The effect of a community-based health insurance on the out-of-pocket payments for utilizing medically trained providers in Bangladesh

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihz083 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 287-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jahangir A M Khan ◽

Sayem Ahmed ◽

Marufa Sultana ◽

Abdur Razzaque Sarker ◽

Sanchita Chakrovorty ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Community Based ◽

Quality Healthcare ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Community Based Health Insurance ◽

Out Of Pocket Payments ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Case Comparison ◽

Quasi Experimental

Abstract Background We aimed to estimate the effect of the community-based health insurance (CBHI) scheme on the magnitude of out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for the healthcare of the informal workers and their dependents. The CBHI scheme was piloted through a cooperative of informal workers, which covered seven unions in Chandpur Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted using a case-comparison design. In total 1292 (646 insured and 646 uninsured) households were surveyed. Propensity score matching was done to minimize the observed baseline differences in the characteristics between the insured and uninsured groups. A two-part regression model was applied using both the probability of OOP spending and magnitude of such spending for healthcare in assessing the association with enrolment status in the CBHI scheme while controlling for other covariates. Results The OOP payment was 6.4% (p < 0.001) lower for medically trained provider (MTP) utilization among the insured compared with the uninsured. However, no significant difference was found in the OOP payments for healthcare utilization from all kind of providers, including the non-trained ones. Conclusions The CBHI scheme could reduce OOP payments while providing better quality healthcare through the increased use of MTPs, which consequently could push the country towards universal health coverage.

Download Full-text

Female labour force participation: evidence from Ghana

International Journal of Social Economics ◽

10.1108/ijse-06-2015-0159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (11) ◽

pp. 1489-1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abena Yeboah Abraham ◽

Fidelia Nana Akom Ohemeng ◽

Williams Ohemeng

Keyword(s):

Informal Sector ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Census Data ◽

Labour Force ◽

Labour Force Participation ◽

Female Labour Force Participation ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Social Reforms ◽

Female Labour ◽

Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine female labour force participation (FLFP) and their employment choice between the formal and informal sectors after several institutional and social reforms such as Millennium Development Goal 3 aimed at promoting gender equality and empowerment of women by 2015, using data from Ghana’s 2010 Population and Housing Census. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, logit regression and multinomial logit techniques were employed. Findings The results show that FLFP has declined marginally from the 2005 figures; education remains the important factor in determining women’s participation in the formal sector. Strikingly 91 per cent of the FLFP is engaged in the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy, a sector with a very low contribution per head. Practical implications Interventions such as encouraging female education and retraining of self-employed females to improve upon their efficiency ought to be pursued vigorously; whiles developing rural areas for females to get equal labour opportunities and many others aimed at enhancing the efficiency and by inference earning per head of the informal sector is highly recommended. Originality/value The literature on the FLFP is thin in Ghana. The current study uses a census data unlike the previous studies and as such employed a huge sample size that reflects the reality in Ghana. The study contributed immensely to policy having established that 91 per cent of the female labour force is engaged in the informal sectors of the economy, and therefore any intervention targeting at reducing poverty and meeting the MDG 3 should be targeted at the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy.

Download Full-text

National Health Insurance Scheme and Universal Health Coverage among Formal Sector Employees in Ilorin, Nigeria: Has Any Progress Been Made?

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2016/27777 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

David Adewole ◽

Oladimeji Bolarinwa ◽

Magbagbeola Dairo

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

National Health Insurance ◽

National Health ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

National Health Insurance Scheme ◽

Health Insurance Scheme ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Insurance Scheme ◽

Universal Health

Download Full-text

The Trade-Offs of Welfare Policies in Labor Markets with Informal Jobs: The Case of the “Seguro Popular” Program in Mexico

American Economic Journal Economic Policy ◽

10.1257/pol.6.4.71 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 71-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mariano Bosch ◽

Raymundo M. Campos-Vazquez

Keyword(s):

Health Coverage ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Seguro Popular ◽

Welfare Policies ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Formal Economy ◽

Trade Offs ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Mexican Government ◽

Medium Firms

In 2002, the Mexican government began an effort to improve health access to the 50 million uninsured in Mexico, a program known as Seguro Popular (SP). The SP offered virtually free health insurance to informal workers, altering the incentives to operate in the formal economy. We find that the SP program had a negative effect on the number of employers and employees formally registered in small and medium firms (up to 50 employees). Our results suggest that the positive gains of expanding health coverage should be weighed against the implications of the reallocation of labor away from the formal sector. (JEL E26, I13, I18, I38, J46, O15, O17)

Download Full-text

TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR FORMAL DAN INFORMAL DI KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Media Trend ◽

10.21107/mediatrend.v13i1.3665 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Yustina - Chrismardani ◽

Bondan Satriawan

Keyword(s):

Informal Sector ◽

Temporary Workers ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Surrounding Area ◽

Total Income ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Permanent Workers

One of the interesting things studied from Kabupaten Bangkalan is the aspect of employment, especially based on formal and informal sector. Based on the formal sector workers who belong to the category of workers / workers and tried to be assisted by permanent workers / workers paid up to 76 percent, and informal workers are who try their own, trying to be assisted by temporary workers, free workers in agriculture, free workers in non-paid to reach 24 percent. Other important findings indicate that there is no significant difference in the total income of workers in the formal and formal sectors, which is an average of Rp 76,184, and it turns out that Bangkalan regency has not been the target of workers migration from the surrounding area.

Download Full-text

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS PRINCIPLES IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR OF HARARE AND MUTARE IN ZIMBABWE

Review of Social Sciences ◽

10.18533/rss.v2i6.101 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Steven Jerie

Keyword(s):

Occupational Health ◽

Informal Sector ◽

Health And Safety ◽

Occupational Health And Safety ◽

Small Scale ◽

Formal Sector ◽

Local Authorities ◽

Informal Workers ◽

Employee Relationship ◽

To Come

A major challenge for the city authorities of Harare and Mutare in Zimbabwe is to come up with clear policies and actions aimed at supporting and nurturing the informal sector as well as improving health and safety in the sector. This study thus aims at assessing the awareness of ergonomics principles in the small scale enterprises of Harare and Mutare. The level of awareness of ergonomics principles is low in the small scale informal sectors of Harare and Mutare. It was expected that builders, woodworkers and welders would have a higher level of ergonomic principles, but this was not the case. The informal workers are employed in a high-risk sector, but survey results indicated that improving their work environment is not one of their top priorities. The financial situation and the fact that occupational hazards and diseases are not always visible means that their limited resources are allocated to field other than occupational health and safety. Workers in the informal sector are not affected by the traditional employer-employee relationship as that obtains in the formal sector where the employee is obliged to care for the workers occupational health and safety needs. In order to address occupational health and safety discrepancies in the informal sector there is need for change of mindset and this can be catalysed by the local authorities and other organizations. The local authorities can begin by ensuring basic occupational hygiene skills among the informal sector workers so that they may realize their economic potential and hence sustained businesses.

Download Full-text

Towards Universal Health Coverage: An Analysis of the Health Insurance Coverage in Nigeria

International Journal of Health and Life Sciences ◽

10.5812/ijhls.108727 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Yusuff Olanrewaju Azeez ◽

Yusuf Olalekan Babatunde ◽

Damilola Babatunde ◽

Joseph Olasupo ◽

Elizabeth Alabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Insurance ◽

Health Services ◽

National Health Insurance ◽

Informal Sector ◽

Universal Health Coverage ◽

National Health Insurance Scheme ◽

Health Insurance Scheme ◽

Health Coverage ◽

Insurance Scheme ◽

Universal Health

Context: Achieving universal health coverage requires a Health Insurance Scheme that minimizes out-of-pocket expenditure, guarantees the provision of essential health services, and covers majority of the population. This study examines the NHIS, it's success, failures, efforts so far towards achieving UHC and overall, examines if Nigeria is progressing towards the achievement of universal health coverage. Evidence Acquisition: We conducted a narrative review of published articles on National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) coverage in Nigeria. Pubmed and Google Scholar were searched with the following keywords: National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Success, Failure, Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Results: NHIS has failed in its inclusiveness and covers only about 5% of the general population, mainly from the formal sector while most from the informal sector are excluded. Certain factors such as the inadequate legal framework for a successful scheme, optional enrollment policy, poor funding and lack of political will are responsible for the failure of the NHIS. Conclusions: Revising the NHIS to cover all segments of the society including remote areas and ensuring the insured have access to health services at all hospitals and health centers across the country is essential in attaining the third sustainable development goal in Nigeria. Also, there is need for intensify public awareness programs to enlighten the people and relevant groups on the positive values of the scheme. The attributes of the scheme should be well publicized in a way that both the formal and informal sector would understand clearly. This might involve the use of all local languages spoken in different parts of the country.

Download Full-text