6 Galaxies, the Expanding Universe, and the Big Bang

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-149
Author(s):  
Michael A. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
The Big Bang

Observations which contradict the hypothesis of a big bang universe

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-172
Author(s):  
Halton Arp
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Correct Solution ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Fundamental Assumption ◽  
Continuous Creation ◽  
Observational Test ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Recession Velocity

The Big Bang theory requires all matter and galaxies to have been created simultaneously 15 billion years ago. But many young galaxies have been observed which must have been created more recently. Moreover, these younger objects, although demonstrably nearby, have large redshifts which cannot be due to recession velocity in an expanding universe. The fundamental assumption in the Big Bang is that extragalactic redshifts are caused only by the velocity of recession. It is shown here how every observational test which can be made on galaxies, and even stars, contradicts the assumption. It is described how a more general and more correct solution of the Einstein general relativity equations yields a non-expanding, continuous creation universe of unlimited age and size.

scholarly journals How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Henry ◽  
Mesut Yurukcu ◽  
George Nnanna
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
A Current

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

scholarly journals ¿De dónde venimos, qué somos, adónde vamos? Un ensayo sobre el sentido de la vida en el universo antrópico

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón Tamames
Keyword(s):  
Meaning Of Life ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Human Community ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
Big Crunch ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
We The People

Resumen: De dónde venimos. El universo en expansión: ¿del big bang al big crunch? Millones de años de soledad, Paradoja de Fermi y universo antrópico. La fuerza de la evolución y el idioma del ADN. ¿Qué somos? Dueños de la Tierra más Inteligencia Artificial. El sentido de la vida y la condición humana. Pueblo elegido, excepcionalismo, comunidad humana Adónde vamos. Punto omega, azar y necesidad. Ciencia y trascendencia. El principio esperanza y las cuatro preguntas de Kant. La comunidad humana: We, the people of the world. . Where we come from? What we are? Where do we go? An essay on the meaning of life in the anthropic universe. Abstract: Where we come from? The expanding universe: from the big bang to the big crunch? Millions of years of solitude, Paradox of Fermi and anthropic universe. The force of evolution and the language of the DNA. What are we? Landowners + AI. The meaning of life and the human condition. Chosen peo-ple, exceptionalism, human community. Where we go? Omega point, chance and need. Science and transcendence. The main hope and the four questions of Kant. The human community: We, the people of the world. Recibido: 16/10/2017 Aprobado: 5/11/2017 

How Cosmic Structure Grew

2020 ◽  
pp. 184-238
Author(s):  
P. J. E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Structure Formation ◽  
Physical Meaning ◽  
Gravitational Instability ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Consistent Picture ◽  
The Big Bang

This chapter explores how the very evident departures from Albert Einstein's homogeneity—stars in galaxies in groups and clusters of galaxies—might have formed in an expanding universe. In the established cosmology, cosmic structure formed by the gravitational instability of the relativistic expanding universe. The early confusion about the physical meaning of this instability is an important part of the history. The chapter reviews these considerations, along with assessments of early scenarios of how cosmic structure might have formed. A theory of how the galaxies formed in the big bang cosmology has to provide a physically consistent picture of how cosmic structure evolved from the very different conditions in the early stages of expansion. That consideration is absent in the 1948 steady-state cosmology, so thinking about structure formation had to be different.

scholarly journals How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and Sun Changing in the Solar System?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Henry ◽  
Mesut Yurukcu ◽  
George Nnanna
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Milky Way Galaxy ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
A Current

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

Cosmological Models

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-113
Author(s):  
P. J. E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Evolving Model ◽  
Creation Of Matter ◽  
The Big Bang

This chapter examines two spatially homogenous world pictures which captured most of the attention in cosmology from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s: an evolving universe and a universe in a statistically steady state. The evolving model describes expansion according to general relativity from an exceedingly dense early condition often termed the big bang. In the big bang model, a straightforward extrapolation of its evolution back in time ends at a singularity: a manifest failure of standard general relativity. In the alternative world picture, the continual creation of matter keeps the near-homogeneously expanding universe in a steady state. It lacked Albert Einstein's endorsement, but skillful proponents kept the picture visible in England though generally less so at other research centers. The steady-state cosmology is much more predictive than the big bang, which might have been expected to have added more than it did to general interest in the model.

The Cosmic Microwave Background

2020 ◽  
pp. 272-289
Author(s):  
Hui Chieh Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Early Universe ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Space Missions ◽  
Expanding Universe ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The cosmic microwave background (CMB) holds many secrets of the origin and the evolution of our universe. This ancient radiation was created shortly after the Big Bang, when the expanding universe cooled and became transparent, sending an afterglow of light in all directions. It is a pattern frozen in place that dates back to 375,000 years after the birth of the universe. Numerous experiments and space missions have made increasingly higher resolution maps of the CMB radiation, with the aims to learn more about the conditions of our early universe and the origin of stars, galaxies, and the large-scale cosmic structures that populate our universe today.

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