Appendix. Historical Variation in Banking Power

2020 ◽  
pp. 231-258
Keyword(s):  
Historical Variation

scholarly journals En[dj]uring [ʧ]unes or ma[tj]ure [ʤ]ukes? Yod-coalescence and yod-dropping in the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-526
Author(s):  
JOAN C. BEAL ◽  
RANJAN SEN ◽  
NURIA YÁÑEZ-BOUZA ◽  
CHRISTINE WALLIS
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
British English ◽  
Variation Patterns ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Social Motivations ◽  
The Many ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Insight Into

Yod-coalescence involving alveolar consonants before Late Modern English /uː/ from earlier /iu > juː/ is still variable and diffusing in Present-day English. For example, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) gives both (/tj dj/) and (/ʧ ʤ/) British English pronunciations for tune (/tjuːn/, /tʃuːn/), mature (/mǝˈtjʊǝ/, /mǝˈʧʊǝ/), duke (/djuːk/, /dʒuːk/) and endure (/ᵻnˈdjʊə/, /ɛnˈdjʊə/, /ᵻnˈdʒʊə/, /ɛnˈdʒʊə/, /ᵻnˈdjɔː/, /ɛnˈdjɔː/, /ᵻnˈdʒɔː/, /ɛnˈdʒɔː/). Extensive variability in yod-coalescence and yod-dropping is not recent in origin, and we can already detect relevant patterns in the eighteenth century from the evidence of a range of pronouncing dictionaries. Beal (1996, 1999) notes a tendency for northern English and Scottish authors to be more conservative with regard to yod-coalescence. She concludes that we require ‘a comprehensive survey of the many pronouncing dictionaries and other works on pronunciation’ (1996: 379) to gain more insight into the historical variation patterns underlying Present-day English.This article presents some results from such a ‘comprehensive survey’: the Eighteenth-Century English Phonology Database (ECEP). Transcriptions of all relevant words located are compared across a range of eighteenth-century sources in order to determine the chronology of yod-coalescence and yod-dropping as well as internal (e.g. stress, phoneme type, presence of a following /r/) and external (e.g. prescriptive, geographical, social) motivations for these developments.

scholarly journals Historical variation and trends in storminess along the Portuguese South Coast

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2407-2417 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Almeida ◽  
Ó. Ferreira ◽  
M. I. Vousdoukas ◽  
G. Dodet
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
The North ◽  
Storm Wave ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
Storm Characteristics ◽  
South Portugal

Abstract. This work investigates historical variation and trends in storm climate for the South Portugal region, using data from wave buoy measurements and from modelling, for the period 1952 to 2009. Several storm parameters (annual number of storms; annual number of days with storms; annual maximum and mean individual storm duration and annual 99.8th percentile of significant wave height) were used to analyse: (1) historical storminess trends; (2) storm parameter variability and relationships; and (3) historical storminess and its relationship to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). No statistically significant linear increase or decrease was found in any of the storm parameters over the period of interest. The main pattern of storm characteristics and extreme wave heights is an oscillatory variability with intensity peaks every 7–8 yr, and the magnitude of recent variations is comparable with that of variations observed in the earlier parts of the record. In addition, the results reveal that the NAO index is able to explain only a small percentage of the variation in storm wave height, suggesting that more local factors may be of importance in controlling storminess in this region.

African Moravian Burial Sites on St. John and Barbados

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen C. Blouet
Keyword(s):  
Community Building ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
Slave Emancipation ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Region I ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Historical Variation

This study investigates Barbados’s eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Moravian Christian burial sites to highlight processes of community building and culture change within mortuary contexts linked to larger political transformations, such as slave emancipation, across the island and Caribbean region. I identify historical variation in burial site materiality and spatiality to understand how burial grounds reflected and informed changes in policies and relationships within disparate congregations and the larger societies in which Moravian settlements existed. Through an examination of connections between changeable mortuary practices and social identities within shifting relationships of political power before and after the end of slavery, I highlight the significance of burial sites and commemorative practices to dynamic processes of Moravian community building, maintenance, and transformation within culturally diverse and complex societies.

Visualizing onomasiological change: Diachronic variation in metonymic patterns for woman in Chinese

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Dirk Geeraerts ◽  
Dirk Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Social Changes ◽  
Distance Calculation ◽  
Beautiful Woman ◽  
Innovative Method ◽  
Scaling Solution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
Diachronic Changes

AbstractThis paper introduces an innovative method to aid the study of conceptual onomasiological research, with a specific emphasis on diachronic variation in the metonymic patterns with which a target concept is expressed. We illustrate how the method is applied to explore and visualize such diachronic changes by means of a case study on the metonymic patterns for woman in the history of Chinese. Visualization is done with the help of a Multidimensional Scaling solution based on the profile-based distance calculation (Geeraerts et al. 1999; Speelman et al. 2003) and by drawing diachronic trajectories in a set of MDS maps, corresponding to different metonymic targets. This method proves to be effective and feasible in detecting changes in the distribution of metonymic patterns in authentic historical corpus data. On the basis of this method, we can show that different targets exhibit different degrees of diachronic variation in their metonymic patterns. We find diachronically more stable targets (e.g. imperial woman), targets with a dominant trend in diachronic variation (e.g. a woman), and targets with highly fluctuating historical variation (e.g. beautiful woman). Importantly, we can identify the cultural and social changes that may lie behind some of these changes. Examining the results uncovered by the method offers us a better understanding of the dynamicity of metonymic conceptualizations.

Does the source matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Kotwica
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Constant Feature ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Changing Practices ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract This article provides an insight into the expression of reportative evidentiality in Spanish scientific articles published between 1799 and 1920. Central to the discussion is the presence and specificity of sources in reportative constructions. While contemporary scientific discourse prioritizes the use of specific, reportative-quotative evidentials, this is not a constant feature of articles analyzed in this study. In order to trace this historical variation, we established a classification of reportative constructions according to the specificity of the evidence they convey and we conducted both qualitative and quantitative analyses. According to our results, different specificity patterns were prominent in different temporal stages of the period under review. We argue that this can be interpreted in light of the growth and changing practices of the scientific community.

scholarly journals Auto Credit and the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform: The Impact of Eliminating Cramdowns

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 4734-4766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashri Chakrabarti ◽  
Nathaniel Pattison
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Editorial Decision ◽  
Historical Variation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Published Paper ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Auto lenders were perhaps the biggest winners of the 2005 Bankruptcy Reform, as Chapter 13 bankruptcy filers can no longer “cramdown” the amount owed on recent auto loans. We estimate the causal effect of this anticramdown provision on the price and quantity of auto credit. Exploiting historical variation in states’ usage of Chapter 13 bankruptcy, we find strong evidence that eliminating cramdowns decreased interest rates and some evidence that loan sizes increased among subprime borrowers. The decline in interest rates is persistent and is robust to a battery of sensitivity checks. We rule out other reform changes as possible causes. Received September 29, 2016; editorial decision January 15, 2019 by Editor Philip Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.

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