José Antonio Mazzotti, Creole Agencies and the (Post)Colonial Debate in Spanish America

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-110
2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-237
Author(s):  
Iona Macintyre

Revolutionary movements in nineteenth-century South America saw the region's historic grounding in scholasticism confronted by the ideas of the eighteenth-century French Enlightenment. This article examines a subsequent development: Spanish liberal man of letters José Joaquín de Mora's attempt to implant Scottish common sense philosophy as the dominant school in the republics that were emerging from Spanish rule and gradually forming nationally as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. Furthering our knowledge of Scottish intellectual influence abroad, Mora's enterprise also illuminates two contentious issues of the period in Spanish America, namely how to cultivate young minds in a revolutionary context, and the place of European culture, in this case Scottish, in the immediate post-colonial period.


2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Grafe ◽  
Maria Alejandra Irigoin

The comparative history of the Americas has been used to identify factors determining longterm economic growth. One approach, new institutional economics (NIE), claims that the colonial origins of respective institutional structures explain North American success and Spanish American failure. Another argues that differences in resources encountered by Europeans fostered divergent levels of equality impacting on institutions and growth. This paper challenges the theoretical premises and historical evidence of both views offering a historicized, statistically and economically validated explanation for the institutional and economic development of Spanish America. First, it revises the structure of the fiscal system challenging the characterization of Spain as an absolutist ruler. Secondly, an analysis of fiscal data at regional levels assesses the performance of the Imperial state. It shows the existence of massive revenue redistribution within the colonies, disputing the notion of a predatory extractive empire based on endowments as the source of original inequality. Finally, we discuss how a contingent event, the imprisonment of the Spanish king in 1808, contributed to the disintegration of a 300-year-old empire. The crisis of legitimacy in the empire turned fiscal interdependence between regions into beggar-thy-neighbour strategies and internecine conflict. We conclude by arguing for a reversal of the causality from weak institutions causing economic failure to fiscal (and economic) failure leading to political instability.


Author(s):  
Hilda Sabato

By the 1820s, Spanish America had become a republican area. While in Europe nineteenth century experiments in the republic had been short-lived, the post-colonial Spanish American nations in the making adopted republican forms of government that proved long-lasting. A crucial dimension of republicanism occupied centre stage in the following decades: the model of defence and the role of armed institutions in the polity. This chapter explores the main features of that model, which was based upon the figure of the citizen-in-arms and deeply enmeshed in the values and institutions of self-government. It focuses upon the organization of military forces; the role of the militia, the National Guard, and the professional armies in the polity; the use of force and the resort to revolutions as a regular feature of politics. Finally, it examines the impact of “the crisis of the 1860s” that initiated a long and tortuous process of change, which eventually brought about the dismantling of the initial system.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Craig Alan Hassel

As every human society has developed its own ways of knowing nature in order to survive, dietitians can benefit from an emerging scholarship of “cross-cultural engagement” (CCE).  CCE asks dietitians to move beyond the orthodoxy of their academic training by temporarily experiencing culturally diverse knowledge systems, inhabiting different background assumptions and presuppositions of how the world works.  Although this practice may seem de- stabilizing, it allows for significant outcomes not afforded by conventional dietetics scholarship.  First, culturally different knowledge systems including those of Africa, Ayurveda, classical Chinese medicine and indigenous societies become more empathetically understood, minimizing the distortions created when forcing conformity with biomedical paradigms.  This lessens potential for erroneous interpretations.  Second, implicit background assumptions of the dietetics profession become more apparent, enabling a more critical appraisal of its underlying epistemology.  Third, new forms of post-colonial intercultural inquiry can begin to develop over time as dietetics professionals develop capacities to reframe food and health issues from different cultural perspectives.  CCE scholarship offers dietetics professionals a means to more fully appreciate knowledge assets that lie beyond professionally maintained parameters of truth, and a practice for challenging and moving boundaries of credibility.


This research article highlights the temperament, inference, scope, and motives of code-mixing in Pakistani English works. One novel from Pakistani English novels namely, An American Brat by Bapsi Sidhwa, and one short story namely, The Escape by Qaisra Shehraz are being selected as an illustration of this reading. In this novel and short story, the writers have already dealt with the characteristics of postcolonialism. English language and literature pierced into the privileged civilizations of the sub-continent, after the end of British Imperialism. Pakistani writers in English are the best interpreter of the post-colonial communal language. In this study, I have hit upon code-mixing in English works written by Pakistani authors to a bigger echelon. These works are paragons of arts and the unbelievable mixture of rhetorical and fictitious study. In these works, the writers have not abased the confined diversities. They have tinted the value of Pakistani English in order to achieve the chatty desires of native people. These borrowings from the native languages are used to fill the lexical fissures of ideological thoughts. The reason of these borrowings is not to represent the English as a substandard assortment. Through the utilization of native words, we conclude that the significance of native languages has been tinted to question mark the dialect as well. The words of daily use also have an area of research for English people without having any substitute in English. That’s why in English literature innovative practices and ideas of code-mixing have been employed.


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