Chapter Five. Intergenerational Mobility and Social Fluidity in France over Birth Cohorts and Across Age: The Role of Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 91-121
Keyword(s):  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Social Fluidity

The Role of Education in the Social Mobility of Dutch Cohorts, 1908–74

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-195
Author(s):  
Richard Breen ◽  
Ruud Luijkx ◽  
Eline Berkers
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Service Class ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Fluidity

The Netherlands is well known for a sustained and marked trend towards greater social fluidity during the twentieth century. This chapter investigates trends in mobility across birth cohorts of Dutch men and women born in the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. During this time there was also a rapid upgrading of the Dutch class structure and marked expansion of the educational. But education played only a limited role in driving the increase in social fluidity: rather it was due mostly to the growing shares of people from nonservice-class origins who lacked a tertiary qualification but nevertheless moved into service-class destinations. An oversupply of service-class positions, relative to the share of people with a tertiary qualification, allowed less-qualified men and women from less-advantaged class backgrounds to be upwardly mobile.

Compensatory advantage in educational transitions

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Bernardi ◽  
Moris Triventi
Keyword(s):  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Educational Transitions ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Transition From High School ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Simulated Scenario

In this article, first, we present new evidence on a specific type of compensatory advantage (CA) mechanism in educational transitions and attainment, whereby students from socio-economically advantaged families compensate the negative event of achieving poor grades by ignoring them and disproportionally moving on to the next level of education. Using two independent data sources, we focus on the attainment of an upper secondary degree and the transition from high school to university in Italy, investigating the role of parental education and social class in compensating for an early poor academic performance. Second, we develop a simulated scenario analysis to assess how much of the observed social background inequality is due to the educational outcomes of poorly performing students from high social backgrounds. The results are consistent with the notion that a CA mechanism is in place and show that the advantage of individuals with higher backgrounds over those from lower backgrounds is much larger among students with bad marks in earlier school stages. We estimate that at least one-third of the observed social background inequality in educational transitions in Italy can be attributed to the CA mechanism. This result is consistent across different outcomes, samples and birth cohorts, and is robust to a number of sensitivity checks.

scholarly journals Early Family Life Course Standardization in Sweden: The Role of Compositional Change

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-798
Author(s):  
Zachary Van Winkle
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Labour Market Participation ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Early Family ◽  
Combine Sequence ◽  
Family Trajectories

Abstract The diversity of early family life courses is thought to have increased, although empirical evidence is mixed. Less standardized family formation is attributed to compositional changes in educational attainment, labour market participation, and childhood living conditions. I investigate whether and why family trajectories have become more or less standardized across birth cohorts in Sweden. I combine sequence metrics with Oaxaca–Blinder decompositions to assess the compositional shifts that drive changes in family formation standardization. Family trajectories of individuals born in 1952, 1962, and 1972 from age 18 to 35 are reconstructed using Swedish register data. My results demonstrate that early family formation has become more standardized across birth cohorts. Further, compositional differences between birth cohorts partially account for this standardization, especially for women. For example, higher levels of educational attainment are associated with family formation standardization. This substantiates arguments that family formation may re-standardize following the second demographic transition.

Maternal Thyroid Function, Use of Antithyroid Drugs in Early Pregnancy, and Birth Defects

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 6040-6048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Linding Andersen ◽  
Louise Knøsgaard ◽  
Jørn Olsen ◽  
Peter Vestergaard ◽  
Stig Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Antithyroid Drug ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Maternal Thyroid

Abstract Context Antithyroid drug (ATD) therapy in early pregnancy is associated with birth defects, but more data are needed to substantiate the risk associated with different types of ATD. Furthermore, the role of abnormal maternal thyroid function per se remains unclarified. Objective To evaluate the risk of birth defects associated with the use of ATD in an extended nationwide cohort and the role of abnormal maternal thyroid function in birth cohorts including stored maternal blood samples from early pregnancy. Participants Danish pregnant women and their live-born children, including 1,243,353 children from a Nationwide Register-Based Cohort (NRBC), 1997 to 2016; 8830 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC), 1997 to 2003; and 14,483 children from the North Denmark Region Pregnancy Cohort (NDRPC), 2011 to 2015. Main Outcome Measures Birth defects diagnosed before 2 years of age. Results In the NRBC, altogether 2718 (0.2%) children had been exposed to ATD in early pregnancy. The overall frequency of birth defects was 6.7% (95% CI, 6.7% to 6.8%) in nonexposed children and higher after exposure to methimazole/carbimazole (9.6%; 95% CI, 8.2% to 11.2%) and propylthiouracil (8.3%; 95% CI, 6.7% to 10.3%). On the other hand, the frequency of maternal thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy was similar in the random cohort and in cases of birth defect in the DNBC (12.4 vs 12.6%, P = 0.8) and the NDRPC (15.1 vs 15.4%, P = 0.8). Conclusions Results corroborate an increased risk of birth defects associated with the use of ATD in early pregnancy and suggest that abnormal maternal thyroid function is not a major risk factor for birth defects.

scholarly journals LBW and IUGR temporal trend in 4 population-based birth cohorts: the role of economic inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana D. I. Sadovsky ◽  
Alicia Matijasevich ◽  
Iná S. Santos ◽  
Fernando C. Barros ◽  
Angelica E. Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Birth Cohorts

scholarly journals The role of birth cohorts in studies of adult health: the New York women's birth cohort

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth Terry ◽  
Julie Flom ◽  
Parisa Tehranifar ◽  
Ezra Susser
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Birth Cohorts

scholarly journals Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment in Germany – The Last Five Decades

2009 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Heineck ◽  
Regina T. Riphahn
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Parental Background ◽  
School Attainment ◽  
The Impact

SummaryOver the last decades the German education system underwent numerous reforms in order to improve “equality of opportunity”, i.e. to guarantee all pupils independent of parental background equal access to higher education. At the same time internationally comparative evidence yields that Germany features particularly low intergenerational mobility with respect to educational attainment. This study investigates the development in intergenerational education mobility in Germany for the birth cohorts 1929 through 1978 with respect to secondary school attainment. We test whether the impact of parental educational background on child educational outcomes changed over time. In spite of massive public policy interventions and education reforms our results yield no significant reduction in the role of parental educational background for child outcomes over the last decades.

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