VIII. The Agricultural Geography of the Middle Latitudes

AbstractWe need a typical method of directly measuring geomagnetically induced current (GIC) to compare data for estimating a potential risk of power grids caused by GIC. Here, we overview GIC measurement systems that have appeared in published papers, note necessary requirements, report on our equipment, and show several examples of our measurements in substations around Tokyo, Japan. Although they are located at middle latitudes, GICs associated with various geomagnetic disturbances are observed, such as storm sudden commencements (SSCs) or sudden impulses (SIs) caused by interplanetary shocks, geomagnetic storms including a storm caused by abrupt southward turning of strong interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) associated with a magnetic cloud, bay disturbances caused by high-latitude aurora activities, and geomagnetic variation caused by a solar flare called the solar flare effect (SFE). All these results suggest that GIC at middle latitudes is sensitive to the magnetospheric current (the magnetopause current, the ring current, and the field-aligned current) and also the ionospheric current.

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Applications and Development of LEDs as Supplementary Lighting for Tomato at Different Latitudes

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11050835 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 835

Author(s):

Onofrio Davide Palmitessa ◽

Marco Antonio Pantaleo ◽

Pietro Santamaria

Keyword(s):

High Tech ◽

Greenhouse Production ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Agenda 2030 ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

Power Load ◽

Supplementary Lighting ◽

Zero Hunger ◽

Incandescent Lamps

High-tech greenhouses and artificial light applications aim to improve food production, in line with one of the sustainable development goals of the UN Agenda 2030, namely, “zero hunger”. In the past, the incandescent lamps have been used for supplementary lighting (SL) at higher latitudes to increase greenhouse production during the dark season. Light-emitting diodes (LED) have been replacing gas discharge and incandescent lamps, and their development is expanding SL applications in different agricultural scenarios (e.g., urban farming, middle latitudes). In fact, recent research on LED applications in Mediterranean greenhouses have produced encouraging results. Since middle latitudes have a higher daily light integral (DLI) than higher latitudes in the dark season and climate conditions influence the installed power load of greenhouses, LED installation and management in Mediterranean greenhouses should be different and less expensive in terms of investment and energy consumption. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to outline the state of the art in LED applications and development, with a focus on latitude-related requirements. Tomato was used as a representative crop.

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Carbon-14 in the Southern Indian Ocean

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/s0033822200010055 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 684-692 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Georgette Delibrias

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Indian Ocean ◽

Water Samples ◽

Sea Water ◽

Time Lag ◽

Vertical Profiles ◽

Carbon 14 ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

The North ◽

The Indian Ocean

14C measurements were carried out on sea water samples collected in 1973, in the Indian ocean. The results obtained for 9 vertical profiles between 27° S and 48°S are presented. In surface water, the bomb 14C content is maximum at middle latitudes. A time lag relative to the north hemisphere bomb 14C delivery is apparent. In the more southern latitudes, 14C content remains very low.

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Validation of SCIAMACHY limb NO<sub>2</sub> profiles using solar occultation measurements

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-4-4753-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 4753-4800

Author(s):

R. Bauer ◽

A. Rozanov ◽

C. A. McLinden ◽

L. L. Gordley ◽

W. Lotz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Past ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

Solar Occultation ◽

Time Period ◽

Vertical Distributions ◽

Global Coverage ◽

Scanning Imaging ◽

Diurnal Effect ◽

Better Than ◽

Balloon Measurements

Abstract. The increasing amounts of reactive nitrogen in the stratosphere necessitates accurate global measurements of stratospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Over the past decade, the SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) instrument on ENVISAT (European Environmental Satellite) has been providing global coverage of stratospheric NO2 every 6 days, which is otherwise difficult to achieve with other systems (e.g. balloon measurements, solar occultation). In this study, the vertical distributions of NO2 retrieved from limb measurements of the scattered solar light from the SCIAMACHY instrument are validated using NO2 products from three different satellite instruments (SAGE II, HALOE and ACE-FTS). The retrieval approach, as well as the sensitivity of the SCIAMACHY NO2 limb data product are discussed, and the photochemical corrections needed to make this validation feasible, as well as the chosen collocation criteria are described. For each instrument, a time period of two years is analyzed with several hundreds of collocation pairs for each year and instrument. The agreement between SCIAMACHY and each instrument is found to be better than 10 % between 22–24 km and 40 km. Additionally, NO2 amounts in three different latitude regions are validated individually, with considerably better agreements in high and middle latitudes compared to tropics. Differences with SAGE II and ACE-FTS below 20 km are consistent with those expected from the diurnal effect.

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Agricultural geography

Progress in Human Geography ◽

10.1177/030913258100500208 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 268-276 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Grigg

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Geography

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Ionosonde Observations of Spread F and Spread Es at Low and Middle Latitudes during the Recovery Phase of the 7–9 September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13051010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1010

Author(s):

Lehui Wei ◽

Chunhua Jiang ◽

Yaogai Hu ◽

Ercha Aa ◽

Wengeng Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geomagnetic Storm ◽

Large Scale ◽

Satellite System ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Ionospheric Irregularities ◽

Middle Latitudes ◽

Multiple Observations ◽

Swarm Satellites ◽

Spread F ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

This study presents observations of nighttime spread F/ionospheric irregularities and spread Es at low and middle latitudes in the South East Asia longitude of China sectors during the recovery phase of the 7–9 September 2017 geomagnetic storm. In this study, multiple observations, including a chain of three ionosondes located about the longitude of 100°E, Swarm satellites, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ROTI maps, were used to study the development process and evolution characteristics of the nighttime spread F/ionospheric irregularities at low and middle latitudes. Interestingly, spread F and intense spread Es were simultaneously observed by three ionosondes during the recovery phase. Moreover, associated ionospheric irregularities could be observed by Swarm satellites and ground-based GNSS ionospheric TEC. Nighttime spread F and spread Es at low and middle latitudes might be due to multiple off-vertical reflection echoes from the large-scale tilts in the bottom ionosphere. In addition, we found that the periods of the disturbance ionosphere are ~1 h at ZHY station, ~1.5 h at LSH station and ~1 h at PUR station, respectively. It suggested that the large-scale tilts in the bottom ionosphere might be produced by LSTIDs (Large scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances), which might be induced by the high-latitude energy inputs during the recovery phase of this storm. Furthermore, the associated ionospheric irregularities observed by satellites and ground-based GNSS receivers might be caused by the local electric field induced by LSTIDs.

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