scholarly journals The Pattern of Lignin Deposition in The Cell Walls of Internodes During Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Development

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidija Begović ◽  
Jelena Ravlić ◽  
Hrvoje Lepeduš ◽  
Dunja Leljak-Levanić ◽  
Vera Cesar
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
Lignin Deposition

Abstract The aim of this paper is to elucidate relationship between anatomical changes and lignin deposition dynamics in the cell wall of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) internodes during four growth stages: heading, flowering, grain filling and ripening. Microscopy was used to analyze anatomical changes related to lignin deposition whereas peroxidase activity was spectrophotometrically determined. In transversal sections lignin was found to be predominant in the sclerenchyma ring in cortex, where particularly lignified cell walls were found. Peroxidase activity was increased in older internodes and their localization in situ was in positive correlation with tissue lignification. Our results showed that, depending on the cultivar, at the flowering and grain filling stages intensive lignin synthesis and deposition occurred. This showed that deposition of lignin in the cell wall at a particular growth stage is in correlation with the lodging resistant phenotype of the investigated cultivars. The results contribute to the understanding of the lignin deposition process during barley development and consequential cell wall thickness.

Ultrastructure and Senescence in an Achloroplastic Mutant of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Dyan

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 844-845
Author(s):  
R.H.M. Cross ◽  
C.E.J. Botha ◽  
A.K. Cowan ◽  
B.J. Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Cytoplasmic Matrix ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Pinocytotic Vesicles

Senescence is an ordered degenerative process leading to death of individual cells, organs and organisms. The detection of a conditional lethal mutant (achloroplastic) of Hordeum vulgare has enabled us to investigate ultrastructural changes occurring in leaf tissue during foliar senescence.Examination of the tonoplast structure in six and 14 day-old mutant tissue revealed a progressive degeneration and disappearance of the membrane, apparently starting by day six in the vicinity of the mitochondria associated with the degenerating proplastid (Fig. 1.) where neither of the plastid membrane leaflets is evident (arrows, Fig. 1.). At this stage there was evidence that the mitochondrial membranes were undergoing retrogressive changes, coupled with disorganization of cristae (Fig. 2.). Proplastids (P) lack definitive prolamellar bodies. The cytoplasmic matrix is largely agranular, with few endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cisternae or polyribosomal aggregates. Interestingly, large numbers of actively-budding dictysomes, associated with pinocytotic vesicles, were observed in close proximity to the plasmalemma of mesophyll cells (Fig. 3.). By day 14 however, mesophyll cells showed almost complete breakdown of subcellular organelle structure (Fig. 4.), and further evidence for the breakdown of the tonoplast. The final stage of senescence is characterized by the solubilization of the cell wall due to expression and activity of polygalacturonase and/or cellulose. The presence of dictyosomes with associated pinocytotic vesicles formed from the mature face, in close proximity to both the plasmalemma and the cell wall, would appear to support the model proposed by Christopherson for the secretion of cellulase. This pathway of synthesis is typical for secretory glycoproteins.

Acid phosphatase isoforms in dry seeds and during seedling development in barley (Hordeum vulgare)

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-658
Author(s):  
S. Pasqualini ◽  
P. Batini ◽  
L. Ederli ◽  
F. Panara ◽  
M. Antonielli
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns

The acid phosphatase activity in the soluble, membrane, and cell wall fractions from Hordeum vulgare in dry seeds and during seedling development was investigated. The acid phosphatase activities were also assayed in barley roots and coleoptiles at different developmental stages. Electrophoretic patterns of multiple acid phosphatases in seeds, endosperms and embryos, and growing roots and coleoptiles are shown. The enzyme activity shows a rapid decrease in both roots and coleoptiles during growth. Using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, multiple acid phosphatase forms were found in all the organs examined. However, no qualitative differences in the location of bands were observed between root and coleoptile extract at various stages of development. The coleoptile cell wall fraction showed an acid phosphatase form characterized by a very low electrophoretic mobility that was not found in the soluble fraction. Keywords: barley, Hordeum vulgare L., acid phosphatase, isoforms, seedlings growth.

Comparison between tracheary element lignin formation and extracellular lignin-like substance formation during the culture of isolated Zinnia elegans mesophyll cells

Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasushi Sato ◽  
Youko Yajima ◽  
Naohito Tokunaga ◽  
Ross Whetten
Keyword(s):  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Tracheary Element ◽  
Zinnia Elegans ◽  
Tracheary Elements ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Isolated Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Lignin Deposition

AbstractLignin is synthesized not only during morphogenesis of vascular plants but also in response to various stresses. Isolated Zinnia elegans mesophyll cells can differentiate into tracheary elements (TEs), and deposit lignin into cell walls in TE-inductive medium (D medium). Meanwhile isolated mesophyll cells cultured in hormone-free medium (Co medium) accumulate stress lignin-like substance during culture. Therefore this culture system is suitable for study of lignin and lignin-like substance formation.In D medium lignin was deposited in TEs, but in Co medium, extracellular lignin-like substance accumulated. Analysis of the culture media indicated the presence of dilignols in D culture, but not in Co culture. To investigate the fate of lignin precursors, we added coniferyl alcohol (CA) in each culture. In Co medium, CA was polymerized into dilignols rapidly but they were present only temporarily, and in D medium CA was polymerized into dilignols relatively slowly but their content increased continually.Meanwhile, in Co culture, peroxidase activity in the medium was much higher than the peroxidase activity bound ionically to the cell walls. In D culture, ionically bound peroxidase activity was higher than that in the medium. These results may suggest that lignin deposition in TEs is related to ionically bound peroxidases in D culture, and lignin-like substance deposition in the medium is related to peroxidases in the medium in Co culture.

Observations on the Aleurone Layer. II. Fluorescence Microscopy of the Aleurone-Sub-Aleurone Junction With Emphasis on Possible β-1,3-Glucan Deposits in Barley

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Fulcher ◽  
G Setterfield ◽  
ME Mccully ◽  
PJ Wood
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Aleurone Cell ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Primary Substrate

The structural organization of the cell walls at the aleurone-sub-aleurone junction has been examined by fluorescence microscopy in ungerminated seeds of two varieties of Hordeum vulgare L. (cultivars Himalaya and Vanier). The sub-aleurone cell walls that are immediately adjacent to the aleurone layer are considerably thicker than the remainder of endosperm walls and contain extensive deposits of aniline blue-positive material. The latter was not significantly affected by periodate oxidation and was removed from tissue sections only by β-1,3-glucanases or hot dimethyl sulphoxide. These deposits may represent the primary substrate for endo-β-1,3-glucanases secreted by the aleurone layer during germination.

Nitrogen partitioning and cycling in barley-soil systems under conventional and zero tillage in central Alberta

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Haugen-Kozyra ◽  
N. G. Juma ◽  
M. Nyborg
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Nitrogen Partitioning ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Microbial N

Cropping systems which conserve soil, water and nutrients are needed on the Canadian prairies. The objectives of this study were: (1) to assess the effects of urea injection on N partitioning in barley-soil systems under conventional (CT) and zero tillage (ZT); and (2) to measure the dynamics of fertilizer and soil N over the growing season. Twelve microplots were installed in each of CT and ZT plots located on a Black Chernozemic soil and were fertilized (59 kg N ha−1) with 15N urea solution, sown to barley (Hordeum vulgare (L.) 'Empress') and destructively sampled at the fifth leaf, ear emergence, grain filling and ripening growth stages. Distribution of 14N and 15N in shoots, roots, mineral N, microbial N, and soil organic N were measured. The recovery of fertilizer N in the soil-plant system was not different between treatments. Microbial N and non-microbial organic N accounted for > 80% of residual 15N in both treatments. Nitrogen budgets showed that grain removal from CT was 76 kg ha−1 and 56 kg ha−1 in ZT. Our study suggests that more 15N from injected urea was converted to organic N under ZT than CT; thus ZT systems have the potential of conserving N. Tillage practices affect the fate of added N. Key words: Typic Cryoboroll, 15N, organic matter, Hordeum vulgare, N recovery, zero tillage

scholarly journals Barley response to seeding date in central Alberta

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Juskiw ◽  
J. H. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Seeding Date ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Seeding date is an important factor influencing productivity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). When conditions are conducive to early seeding or result in delayed seeding, producers need to know how cultivars will respond to these seeding situations. In this study, five cultivars (Abee, Harrington, Jackson, Noble and Virden) registered for western Canada were studied for 4 yr (1990 to 1993) when seeded early (late April or early May), in mid-May, in late-May, or late (mid-June) at Lacombe, AB. For all cultivars, early seeding resulted in grain yield advantages of 113 to 134% of the mean site yield, while with late seeding, grain yields were reduced to 54 to 76% of the mean site yield. The reduction in yield was least for Jackson, the earliest maturing cultivar tested. Late seeding reduced the period from sowing to emergence, vegetative period, grain-filling period, time from emergence to physiological maturity, test weight, grain yield, kernel weight, and tillers per plant; and increased plant height and percent thins. Late seeding had no significant effect on phyllochron, stand establishment, scald, lodging, protein content of the grain, kernel number per spike, and spikelet number per spike. Barley responded positively to early seeding in central Alberta, but when seeding was delayed (in this study to mid-June) the early and mid-maturing six-rowed cultivars with short phyllochrons performed better than the two-rowed and late six-rowed cultivars. Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., seeding rate, phenological development, grain quality, grain yield, components

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