scholarly journals Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garbacz-Klempka ◽  
Ł. Kowalski ◽  
J. Kozana ◽  
J. Gackowski ◽  
M. Perek-Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Dendritic Microstructures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Shrinkage Cavities

Abstract This preliminary study characterizes the bronze metalworking on a defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in former Kamieniec (Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology. The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).

scholarly journals Bronze Jewellery from the Early Iron Age urn-field in Mała Kępa. An approach to casting technology

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Garbacz-Klempka ◽  
Ł. Kowalski ◽  
J. Gackowski ◽  
M. Perek-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Casting Method ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Casting Technology ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Dendritic Microstructures ◽  
Analysis System

AbstractThis study characterizes the bronze jewellery recovered from the Lusatian culture urn-field in Mała Kępa (Chełmno land, Poland). Among many common ornaments (e.g. necklaces, rings, pins) the ones giving evidence of a steppe-styled inspiration (nail earrings) were also identified. With the dendritic microstructures revealed, the nail earrings prove the implementing of a lost-wax casting method, whereas some of the castings were further subjected to metalworking. The elemental composition indicates the application of two main types of bronze alloys: Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Pb. It has been established that the Lusatian metalworkers were familiar with re-melting the scrap bronze and made themselves capable of roasting the sulphide-rich ores.The collection from Mała Kępa has been described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X - ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint an alloy profile of the castings with a special emphasis on the nail earrings, the data-set (ED-XRF, EDS) was statistically evaluated using multidimensional analyses (FA, DA).

X-Ray Reflectometry from Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces

1990 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian K Tanner ◽  
Simon J Miles ◽  
D Keith Bowen ◽  
Linda Hart ◽  
Neil Loxley
Keyword(s):  
Surface Damage ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Langmuir Blodgett ◽  
Surfaces And Interfaces ◽  
Langmuir Blodgett Films ◽  
Preliminary Study

ABSTRACTX-ray reflectance measurements at grazing incidence provide non-destructively a measure of the thickness of thin layers, the electron density as a function of depth, and interface and surface roughness. We show that the effect of roughness at a buried interface is only to reduce the visibility of the interference fringes, whereas roughness at the top surface leads also to an overall increase in the rate of fall of intensity with angle (or energy). These two contributions can then be readily distinguished.Most work has been performed in monochromatic angular dispersive mode. We present here a preliminary study of the application of the high-energy, fixed-angle, energy dispersive mode for the study of thin epitaxial layers, Langmuir-Blodgett films, surface damage on silicon chemi-sol polished wafers and ion implanted silicon and aluminium. Data has been analysed using the theory of Parratt, which we have adapted for use in the energy dispersive method.

Quality Assurance of Energy Dispersive Spectrometry Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
E. B. Steel ◽  
R. B. Marinenko
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Reliability Sensitivity ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Quality Instruments

Monitoring the performance and capabilities of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS) and related x-ray analysis electronics and software is important for maintaining and improving the reliability, sensitivity, and accuracy of the x-ray analysis system. There is growing demand for quality systems through laboratory accreditation, ISO 9000, ISO Guide 25 and related programs that require set quality control procedures for analytical instrumentation. In such cases it is frequently more useful to have one national/international standard. This approach is not only more efficient than having each analyst devise their own system, but the use of the same standard procedures among labs would allow direct intercomparison of results. This intercomparison can help labs and manufacturers determine what are normal versus abnormal results and lead to higher quality instruments and analyses.We are designing a standard procedure to maximize the efficiency of each quality control (QC) measurement so that we spend as little time monitoring the analysis system as is possible.

scholarly journals Local-Entropy Based Approach for X-Ray Image Segmentation and Fracture Detection

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franko Hržić ◽  
Ivan Štajduhar ◽  
Sebastian Tschauner ◽  
Erich Sorantin ◽  
Jonatan Lerga
Keyword(s):  
Image Segmentation ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Local Entropy ◽  
Fracture Detection ◽  
Initial Image ◽  
Data Set ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Analysis System

The paper proposes a segmentation and classification technique for fracture detection in X-ray images. This novel rotation-invariant method introduces the concept of local entropy for de-noising and removing tissue from the analysed X-ray images, followed by an improved procedure for image segmentation and the detection of regions of interest. The proposed local Shannon entropy was calculated for each image pixel using a sliding 2D window. An initial image segmentation was performed on the entropy representation of the original image. Next, a graph theory-based technique was implemented for the purpose of removing false bone contours and improving the edge detection of long bones. Finally, the paper introduces a classification and localisation procedure for fracture detection by tracking the difference between the extracted contour and the estimation of an ideal healthy one. The proposed hybrid method excels at detecting small fractures (which are hard to detect visually by a radiologist) in the ulna and radius bones—common injuries in children. Therefore, it is imperative that a radiologist inspecting the X-ray image receives a warning from the computerised X-ray analysis system, in order to prevent false-negative diagnoses. The proposed method was applied to a data-set containing 860 X-ray images of child radius and ulna bones (642 fracture-free images and 218 images containing fractures). The obtained results showed the efficiency and robustness of the proposed approach, in terms of segmentation quality and classification accuracy and precision (up to 91.16 % and 86.22 % , respectively).

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