C. elegans as a model system to study the function of the COG complex in animal development

2006 ◽  
Vol 387 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiko Kubota ◽  
Kiyoji Nishiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Complex Function ◽  
Model System ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Cog Complex ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Distal Tip Cells ◽  
Tip Cells

AbstractThe conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex is an octameric protein complex associated with the Golgi apparatus and is required for proper sorting and glycosylation of Golgi resident enzymes and secreted proteins. Although COG complex function has been extensively studied at the cellular and subcellular levels, its role in animal development mostly remains unknown. Recently, mutations in the components of the COG complex were found to cause abnormal gonad morphogenesis inCaenorhabditis elegans. InC. elegans, the COG complex acts in the glycosylation of an ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family protein, MIG-17, which directs migration of gonadal distal tip cells to lead gonad morphogenesis. This is the first link between the COG complex and the function of an ADAM protease that is directly involved in organ morphogenesis, demonstrating the potential ofC. elegansas a model system to study COG function in animal development.

scholarly journals Chondroitin acts in the guidance of gonadal distal tip cells in C. elegans

2006 ◽  
Vol 300 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norio Suzuki ◽  
Hidenao Toyoda ◽  
Mitsue Sano ◽  
Kiyoji Nishiwaki
Keyword(s):  
C Elegans ◽  
Distal Tip Cells ◽  
Tip Cells

Regulation of the UNC-5 netrin receptor initiates the first reorientation of migrating distal tip cells in Caenorhabditis elegans

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Su ◽  
D.C. Merz ◽  
M.T. Killeen ◽  
Y. Zhou ◽  
H. Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Guidance Cue ◽  
Distal Tip Cells ◽  
Tip Cells

Cell migrations play a critical role in animal development and organogenesis. Here, we describe a mechanism by which the migration behaviour of a particular cell type is regulated temporally and coordinated with over-all development of the organism. The hermaphrodite distal tip cells (DTCs) of Caenorhabditis elegans migrate along the body wall in three sequential phases distinguished by the orientation of their movements, which alternate between the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes. The ventral-to-dorsal second migration phase requires the UNC-6 netrin guidance cue and its receptors UNC-5 and UNC-40, as well as additional, UNC-6-independent guidance systems. We provide evidence that the transcriptional upregulation of unc-5 in the DTCs is coincident with the initiation of the second migration phase, and that premature UNC-5 expression in these cells induces precocious turning in an UNC-6-dependent manner. The DAF-12 steroid hormone receptor, which regulates developmental stage transitions in C. elegans, is required for initiating the first DTC turn and for coincident unc-5 upregulation. We also present evidence for the existence of a mechanism that opposes or inhibits UNC-5 function during the longitudinal first migration phase and for a mechanism that facilitates UNC-5 function during turning. The facilitating mechanism presumably does not involve transcriptional regulation of unc-5 but may represent an inhibition of the phase 1 mechanism that opposes or inhibits UNC-5. These results, therefore, reveal the existence of two mechanisms that regulate the UNC-5 receptor that are critical for responsiveness to the UNC-6 netrin guidance cue and for linking the directional guidance of migrating distal tip cells to developmental stage advancements.

scholarly journals C. elegans Agrin Is Expressed in Pharynx, IL1 Neurons and Distal Tip Cells and Does Not Genetically Interact with Genes Involved in Synaptogenesis or Muscle Function

PLoS ONE ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. e731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Hrus ◽  
Gordon Lau ◽  
Harald Hutter ◽  
Susanne Schenk ◽  
Jacqueline Ferralli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Function ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Distal Tip Cells ◽  
Tip Cells

scholarly journals Nuclear positioning in the gonadal distal tip cells of C. elegans

Worm ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hon-Song Kim ◽  
Kiyoji Nishiwaki
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Positioning ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Distal Tip Cells ◽  
Tip Cells

A Protozoan Model for Golgi-Associated Calcification

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
D. C. Williams ◽  
D. E. Outka
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
Model System ◽  
Sequential Formation

Many studies have shown that the Golgi apparatus is involved in a variety of synthetic activities, and probably no Golgi product is more elaborate than the scales produced by various kinds of phytoflagellates. The formation of calcified scales (coccoliths, Fig. 1,2) of the coccolithophorid phytoflagellates provides a particularly interesting model system for the study of biological mineralization, and the sequential formation of Golgi products.The coccoliths of Hymenomonas carterae consist of a scale-like base (Fig. 2 and 4, b) with a highly structured calcified (CaCO3) rim composed of two distinct elements which alternate about the base periphery (Fig. 1 and 3, A, B). Each element is enveloped by a sheath-like organic matrix (Fig. 3; Fig. 4, m).

scholarly journals pop-1/TCF, ref-2/ZIC and T-box factors regulate the development of anterior cells in the C. elegans embryo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D Rumley ◽  
Elicia A Preston ◽  
Dylan Cook ◽  
Felicia L Peng ◽  
Amanda L Zacharias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wnt Pathway ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
T Box ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
The Many ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Cell Division Timing ◽  
Anterior Posterior

Patterning of the anterior-posterior axis is fundamental to animal development. The Wnt pathway plays a major role in this process by activating the expression of posterior genes in animals from worms to humans. This observation raises the question of whether the Wnt pathway or other regulators control the expression of the many anterior-expressed genes. We found that the expression of five anterior-specific genes in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos depends on the Wnt pathway effectors pop-1/TCF and sys-1/β-catenin. We focused further on one of these anterior genes, ref-2/ZIC, a conserved transcription factor expressed in multiple anterior lineages. Live imaging of ref-2 mutant embryos identified defects in cell division timing and position in anterior lineages. Cis-regulatory dissection identified three ref-2 transcriptional enhancers, one of which is necessary and sufficient for anterior-specific expression. This enhancer is activated by the T-box transcription factors TBX-37 and TBX-38, and surprisingly, concatemerized TBX-37/38 binding sites are sufficient to drive anterior-biased expression alone, despite the broad expression of TBX-37 and TBX-38. Taken together, our results highlight the diverse mechanisms used to regulate anterior expression patterns in the embryo.

scholarly journals Gastruloids develop the three body axes in the absence of extraembryonic tissues and spatially localised signalling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Turner ◽  
L. Alonso-Crisostomo ◽  
M. Girgin ◽  
P. Baillie-Johnson ◽  
C. R. Glodowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Model System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Embryonic Tissues ◽  
Bmp Signalling ◽  
Three Body ◽  
Extraembryonic Tissues

AbstractEstablishment of the three body axes is a critical step during animal development. In mammals, genetic studies have shown that a combination of precisely deployed signals from extraembryonic tissues position the anteroposterior axis (AP) within the embryo and lead to the emergence of the dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR) axes. We have used Gastruloids, embryonic organoids, as a model system to understand this process and find that they are able to develop AP, DV and LR axes as well as to undergo axial elongation in a manner that mirror embryos. The Gastruloids can be grown for 160 hours and form derivatives from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm. We focus on the AP axis and show that in the Gastruloids this axis is registered in the expression of T/Bra at one pole that corresponds to the tip of the elongation. We find that localisation of T/Bra expression depends on the combined activities of Wnt/β-Catenin and Nodal/Smad2,3 signalling, and that BMP signalling is dispensable for this process. Furthermore, AP axis specification occurs in the absence of both extraembryonic tissues and of localised sources of signalling. Our experiments show that Nodal, together with Wnt/β-Catenin signalling, is essential for the expression of T/Bra but that Wnt signalling has a separable activity in the elongation of the axis. The results lead us to suggest that, in the embryo, the role of the extraembryonic tissues might not be to induce the axes but to bias an intrinsic ability of the embryo to break its initial symmetry and organise its axes.One sentence summaryCulture of aggregates of defined number of Embryonic Stem cells leads to self-organised embryo-like structures which, in the absence of localised signalling from extra embryonic tissues and under the autonomous influence of Wnt and Nodal signalling, develop the three main axes of the body.

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