Basic Income and Time Use Democratization

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Corina Rodríguez Enríquez
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Income Generation ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

AbstractTime has become a valuable asset within capitalism. “Time is money” is a well known and usually shared principle. As in regard to many other type of assets, the distribution of time is pretty unfair, as well as it is the value consideration of the time allocated for different people to different activities. The distribution of time, as well as what people can or cannot do with their time, is a key issue among feminist debates. The main argument is that time allocation to paid and unpaid work is very different and unfair between genders. Women allocate much more time to unpaid work, and men, on the contrary allocate much more time to paid work. This has a reasonable and direct consequence in terms of income generation. This unequal distribution of time (and work) represents the main obstacle to women’s economic autonomy and to overcome gender income gaps.

Erweitertes Gender-BIP- Eine geschlechts-spezifische Analyse des traditionellen Bruttoinlandsproduktes und der Haushaltsproduktion in Deutschland / Extended Gender-GDP - A Gender-Specific Analysis of Traditional GDP and Household Production in Germany

2006 ◽  
Vol 226 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Schaffer ◽  
Carsten Stahmer
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Household Production ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

SummaryThe traditional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reflects the money value of the annual economic output produced by the domestic industries’ employees. Thus, the GDP fully accounts for paid work. In contrast, unpaid work remains unconsidered. However, measured in time units, unpaid work clearly exceeds paid work. Therefore, societies rely likewise on paid and unpaid work. The study at hand identifies women’s and men’s volume of paid and unpaid work in time units and money values. For this purpose, German time use data are combined with the traditional monetary input-output table (IOT) for the year 2000 and its inverse matrix. While the IOT provides information about the industries’ direct and indirect contributions to traditional GDP, time use data determine the gender-specific paid and unpaid workload. Thus, women’s and men’s share in an extended GDP, defined as the sum of traditional GDP and household production, can be given.Finally the genders’ level of qualification is taken into account. This, in turn, allows for a more precise identification of the gender-specific quality of work.

scholarly journals Patterns of everyday activities across social contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (24) ◽  
pp. 6183-6188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Vagni ◽  
Benjamin Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Similar Distribution ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Time Diaries

Social-scientific theory and research give rise to conflicting expectations regarding the extent to which individuals’ everyday lives in modern society follow predictable patterns of behavior. Much previous research has addressed this issue implicitly by documenting widespread trends in patterns of “time use” or “time allocation,” including trends in time devoted to paid work, unpaid work, and leisure. This study expands on this research by examining common patterns with respect to not how much time individuals spend on certain everyday activities (e.g., leisure), but rather how those activities are sequenced throughout the day. Using sequence methods and cluster analysis, we analyze a large collection of harmonized time diaries from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS), including diaries from 23 countries and dating back to 1961. Our analysis of these diaries reveals eight common everyday sequence patterns—including different paid work, unpaid work, and leisure clusters. This same set of patterns reappears in a generally similar distribution across the different countries and time periods that are included in the MTUS sequence data. This study has implications for how analysts study time diary data and raises important questions about the causes and consequences of individuals’ experiences with particular behavioral sequences.

Modelling the Time Allocation Effects of Basic Income

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Helena Palermo Kuss ◽  
K. J. Bernhard Neumärker
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Meaning Of Work ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Supply Model

Abstract Most of the economic models on basic income account just for pecuniary forms of work, i. e. “time spent making money”, in employment. This restriction is a drawback of these analyses and of the standard economic labor supply model itself. If one wants to understand the potential effects of basic income on individual and social welfare, one should not restrict observation to the pecuniary uses of time. The objective of this contribution is to rethink the meaning of work usually applied in economic models, based on contributions of other social scientists. This reassessment is undertaken through the development of a microeconomic model, which discusses the effects of basic income on time use and interprets work not just as a source of income, but also of non-pecuniary benefits. Further, we disentangle the usual work-leisure dichotomy in two other ones (paid and unpaid time/unpaid work and leisure).

Time Allocation and the Life Cycle of Women and Men in Poland

2015 ◽  
pp. 293-314
Author(s):  
Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Mroczek
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

The way people spend time determines the quality of their lives. Work takes a significant share of the time we have at our disposal. The allocation of time between paid and unpaid work depends on gender as well as age, and it influences women's and men's opportunities. This chapter analyses the allocation of women's and men's time between paid and unpaid work in the context of life-cycle. In the first part, economic theories concerning decision making processes about how to allocate time between market work and household are presented. The allocation of women's and men's time in distinguished age groups in Poland is analysed in the second part of the chapter. The analysis is based on time use data from research conducted by Central Statistical Office in years 2003-2004. The last part presents the logistic function that allows to determine estimated maxima of women's and men's activities both in paid and unpaid work. The analysis confirmed that time allocation depends both on gender and life-cycle.

scholarly journals Podział obowiązków w gospodarstwach domowych w Polsce: analiza sezonowości pracy domowej i zawodowej

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-109
Author(s):  
Marta Marszałek
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Household Activities ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

The analysis based on data from the Time Use Survey 2013 presents how household activities related to paid and unpaid work are distributed between women and men in Poland. The share of persons involved in selected activities at the defined time is presented. The 24‑hour rhythm of paid and unpaid work refers to weekdays (working days and weekends separately) and months. The analysis covers different groups of households, defined by the source of income and household living arrangements. The results confirm the hypothesis about double burden of women imposed by the asymmetric allocation of household duties between women and men, irrespectively of the source of household income. They also demonstrate how living arrangements contribute to the differences in paid and unpaid work of women and men.

scholarly journals Determinants and impact of role-related time use allocation on self-reported health among married men and women: a cross-national comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenisha Russell Jonsson ◽  
Gustav Oberg ◽  
Florence Samkange-Zeeb ◽  
Nicholas Kofi Adjei
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Reported Health

Abstract Background: Research on the effects of marriage on health maintains that there is a gender-specific gradient, with men deriving far greater benefits than women. One reason provided for this difference is the disproportionate amount of time spent by women on housework and childcare. However, this hypothesis has yet to be explicitly tested for these role-related time use activities. This study provides empirical evidence on the association between role-related time use activities (i.e. housework, childcare and paid work) and self-reported health among married men and women. Methods: Data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) on 32,881 men and 26,915 women from Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US were analyzed. Seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models and multivariable logistic regression were used to estimate the association between role-related time use activities and self-reported health among married men and women. Results: The findings showed that education, occupation and number of children in the household under 18 years old were the most consistent predictors of time allocation among married men and women. Significant gender differences were also found in time allocation, with women sacrificing paid working time or reducing time devoted to housework for childcare. Men, in contrast, were less likely to reduce paid working hours to increase time spent on childcare, but instead reduced time allocation to housework. Allocating more time to paid work and childcare was associated with good health, whereas time spent on housework was associated with poor health, especially among women. Conclusions: Time allocation to role-related activities have differential associations on health, and the effects vary by gender and across countries. To reduce the gender health gap among married men and women, public policies need to take social and gender roles into account.

The time allocation to children by parents in Europe

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 827-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne H Gauthier ◽  
Berenice DeGusti
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Family Policies ◽  
National Differences ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Cross National

This article examines cross-national differences in the time parents allocate to their children using aggregate data from 15 countries collected as part of the Harmonized European Time Use Survey (HETUS). The analysis is restricted to married or cohabiting parents with at least one child under the age of seven. Results show large differences between countries; differences which appear to be associated with four main national characteristics: the countries’ level of economic development, the number of hours spent in paid work, values regarding gender roles, and post-materialist values. Some elements of the countries’ work–family policies also appear to matter but their overall effect is less conclusive.

Time Allocation and the Life Cycle of Women and Men in Poland

2019 ◽  
pp. 242-264
Author(s):  
Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Mroczek
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

The way people spend time determines the quality of their lives. Work takes a significant share of the time we have at our disposal. The allocation of time between paid and unpaid work depends on gender as well as age, and it influences women's and men's opportunities. This chapter analyses the allocation of women's and men's time between paid and unpaid work in the context of life-cycle. In the first part, economic theories concerning decision making processes about how to allocate time between market work and household are presented. The allocation of women's and men's time in distinguished age groups in Poland is analysed in the second part of the chapter. The analysis is based on time use data from research conducted by Central Statistical Office in years 2003-2004. The last part presents the logistic function that allows to determine estimated maxima of women's and men's activities both in paid and unpaid work. The analysis confirmed that time allocation depends both on gender and life-cycle.

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