Comparison of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, and creatinine concentration in 24-h and spot urine samples in women

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasminka Z. Ilich ◽  
Maja Blanuša ◽  
Željka Crnčević Orlić ◽  
Tatjana Orct ◽  
Krista Kostial
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

Abstract: The 24-h urine sample is considered as the most reliable material for testing many but not necessarily all constituents in urine. However, its collection is tedious for both patients and research participants. The aim of this study was to compare concentrations of essential elements calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) in 24-h and spot urine samples.: Urine samples were collected from 143 generally healthy women, aged 30–79 years. Fasting spot urine was collected immediately after the end of the 24-h collection, therefore being of the same content as the first morning urine which ended the 24-h collection. Elements were analyzed by flame atomic absorption/emission spectrometry and expressed as mg/g and/or mmol/mol of creatinine (Cr). Spearman rank order correlations between 24-h and spot urine were carried out for each element. Ratios of elements in 24-h to spot urine samples were calculated to estimate the element-proportion of spot in the 24-h sample.: All coefficients of correlation between 24-h and spot urine of measured elements and Cr were significant (p<0.05): Zn (0.637), Mg (0.623), Ca (0.603), Na (0.452), K (0.396), and Cr (0.217). Ratios of 24-h to spot urine samples for each element (except K) were similar and close to 2, indicating uniform proportion of elements from spot urine sample in the 24-h sample. In addition, a high correlation between various pairs of elements was obtained in both 24-h and spot urine; the highest being between Na/Ca (0.435) and (0.578), respectively. This is in accordance with theoretical presumptions and previous findings regarding those relationships.: Although replacing burdensome 24-h urine collection with spot urine sampling might not provide the solution in all cases, our results show that for the elements analyzed, spot urine could be a reliable alternative.Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:216–21.

scholarly journals Monitoring the South African population’s salt intake: spot urine v. 24 h urine

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (03) ◽  
pp. 480-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Swanepoel ◽  
Aletta E Schutte ◽  
Marike Cockeran ◽  
Krisela Steyn ◽  
Edelweiss Wentzel-Viljoen
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
The South ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
African Context

Abstract Objective The present study set out to determine whether morning spot urine samples can be used to monitor Na (and K) intake levels in South Africa, instead of the ‘gold standard’ 24 h urine sample. Design Participants collected one 24 h and one spot urine sample for Na and K analysis, after which estimations using three different formulas (Kawasaki, Tanaka and INTERSALT) were calculated. Setting Between 2013 and 2015, urine samples were collected from different population groups in South Africa. Subjects A total of 681 spot and 24 h urine samples were collected from white (n 259), black (n 315) and Indian (n 107) subgroups, mostly women. Results The Kawasaki and the Tanaka formulas showed significantly higher (P≤0·001) estimated Na values than the measured 24 h excretion in the whole population (5677·79 and 4235·05 v. 3279·19 mg/d). The INTERSALT formula did not differ from the measured 24 h excretion for the whole population. The Kawasaki formula seemed to overestimate Na excretion in all subgroups tested and also showed the highest degree of bias (−2242 mg/d, 95 % CI−10 659, 6175) compared with the INTERSALT formula, which had the lowest bias (161 mg/d, 95 % CI−4038, 4360). Conclusions Estimations of Na excretion by the three formulas should be used with caution when reporting on Na intake levels. More research is needed to validate and develop a specific formula for the South African context with its different population groups. The WHO’s recommendation of using 24 h urine collection until more studies are carried out is still supported.

The Utility of Spot vs 24-Hour Urine Samples for Metal Determination in Veterans With Retained Fragments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Gaitens ◽  
Clayton H Brown ◽  
Frederick G Strathmann ◽  
Hanna Xu ◽  
Michael R Lewin-Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Objectives The objective of this investigation is to explore the utility of using a spot urine sample in lieu of a 24-hour collection in assessing fragment-related metal exposure in war-injured veterans. Methods Twenty-four veterans collected each urine void over a 24-hour period in separate containers. Concentrations of 13 metals were measured in each void and in a pooled 24-hour sample using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. To assess the reliability of spot sample measures over time, intraclass correlations (ICCs) were calculated across all spot samples. Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient was used to assess agreement between a randomly selected spot urine sample and each corresponding 24-hour sample. Results In total, 149 spot urine samples were collected. Ten of the 13 metals measured had ICCs more than 0.4, suggesting “fair to good” reliability. Concordance coefficients were more than 0.4 for all metals, suggesting “moderate” agreement between spot and 24-hour concentrations, and more than 0.6 for seven of the 13 metals, suggesting “good” agreement. Conclusions Our fair to good reliability findings, for most metals investigated, and moderate to good agreement findings for all metals, across the range of concentrations observed here, suggest the utility of spot urine samples to obtain valid estimates of exposure in the longitudinal surveillance of metal-exposed populations.

scholarly journals Fluctuation of Water Intake and of Hydration Indices during the Day in a Sample of Healthy Greek Adults

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelais Athanasatou ◽  
Aikaterini Kandyliari ◽  
Olga Malisova ◽  
Maria Kapsokefalou
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Food And Drink

Mild dehydration may occur during specific periods of the day because of poor hydration habits and/or limited access to a variety of beverages or foods, for example, in work environments. Measurement of hydration indices in spot or in 24 h urine samples may mask mild dehydration in specific periods of the day. Healthy subjects (n = 164; 74 females; age 38 ± 12 years) living in Athens, Greece were enrolled in the study. Subjects recorded their solid food and drink intakes and recorded and collected all urinations for three consecutive days. Water intake was analyzed in 24 h and 6 h periods from wake-up time and scored for variety. Urine hydration indices (osmolality, volume, color, specific gravity) were analyzed in 24 h samples, in morning urine samples and in samples collected in 6 h periods from wake-up time. Fluctuations during the day were significant for the intake of drinking water, hot beverages, milk, fruit and vegetable juices, and alcoholic drinks and for urine osmolality, volume, color, and specific gravity. The urine volume of the first 6 h period after wake-up time (557 ± 231 mL/day) reflects by 76% the 24 h urine collection (1331 ± 144 mL/day). Water intake from all beverages, with the exception of alcoholic beverages, was greater in the first 6h period (morning period) and decreased throughout the day. Hydration indices changed accordingly. The 6 h timed urine sample collected reflects indices in samples collected over 24 h better than any spot urine sample.

Low sodium to potassium ratio in spot urine sample is associated with progression to acute kidney injury and mortality in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elayne Cristina Morais Rateke ◽  
Camila Matiollo ◽  
Emerita Quintina de Andrade Moura ◽  
Michelle Andrigueti ◽  
Claudia Maccali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Kidney Injury ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Spot Urine Sample

Differential diagnosis of proteinuria in a spot urine sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 493 ◽  
pp. S478-S479
Author(s):  
A. González Raya ◽  
R. Coca Zuñiga ◽  
E. Martín Sálido ◽  
G. Callejón Martín ◽  
A. Lendinez Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Urine Sample ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample

scholarly journals Determining an Upper Reference Value for the Urinary Fluoride-Creatinine Ratio in Healthy Children Younger than 7 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vida Zohoori ◽  
A. Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Urinary Fluoride

The urinary fluoride/creatinine ratio (UF/Cr) in a spot urine sample could be a useful systemic F exposure monitoring tool. No reference value for UF/Cr currently exists, therefore this study aimed to establish an upper reference value for a UF/Cr, corresponding to excessive systemic F exposure, i.e., >0.07 mg F/kg body weight (b.w.)/day, in children. Subsidiary aims were to examine the relationship between (i) total daily F intake (TDFI) and 24-h urinary F excretion (DUFE); (ii) DUFE and UF/Cr, and (iii) TDFI and UF/Cr. Simultaneously collected TDFI, DUFE, and urinary creatinine (UCr) data in children <7 years were taken from UK studies conducted from 2002 to 2014 in order to calculate UF/Cr (mg/g) for each child. For the 158 children (mean age 5.8 years) included in the data analysis, mean TDFI and DUFE were 0.049 (SD 0.033) and 0.016 (SD 0.008) mg/kg b.w./day, respectively, and the mean UF/Cr was 1.21 (SD 0.61) mg/g. Significant (p < 0.001) positive linear correlations were found between TDFI and DUFE, DUFE and UF/Cr, and TDFI and UF/Cr. The estimated upper reference value for UF/Cr was 1.69 mg/g; this was significantly (p = 0.019) higher than the UF/Cr (1.29) associated with optimal F exposure (0.05-0.07 mg/kg b.w./day). In conclusion, the strong positive correlation between TDFI and UF/Cr confirms the strong association of these 2 F exposure variables and the value of a spot urine sample for prediction of TDFI (i.e., the most important risk factor in determining fluorosis occurrence and severity) in young children. Establishing an estimation of an upper reference value of 1.69 mg/g for UF/Cr in spot urine samples could simplify and facilitate their use as a valuable tool in large epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Microalbumin measurement alone or calculation of the albumin/creatinine ratio for the screening of hypertension patients?

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Derhaschnig ◽  
Harald Kittler ◽  
Christian Woisetschläger ◽  
Andreas Bur ◽  
Harald Herkner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urine Sample ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Albumin Creatinine Ratio ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve

Abstract Background. Spot urine sampling seems to be a reliable screening method for the detection of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. It remains unclear whether microalbumin measurement alone or calculation of the albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) are more reliable for the detection of microalbuminuria in non-selected hypertensive patients. Methods. Following collection of a spot, midstream urine sample, urine was collected for 24 h for the measurement of microalbumin in 264 hypertensive patients. We compared microalbumin concentration in the spot urine with microalbumin measured in the 24-h urine sample and examined the utility of the ACR in evaluating microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients. Pathologic microalbuminuria was assumed when the microalbumin concentration exceeded 30 mg/l in the 24-h urine sample. Diagnostic performance is expressed in terms of specificity, sensitivity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV), and area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). Results. A total of 47 samples (17.8%) showed pathologic microalbuminuria in the 24-h urine sample. The diagnostic performance expressed as AUC was 0.94 (95% CI 0.90–0.98) for microalbumin measurement alone and 0.94 (95% CI 0.89–0.97) for ACR. The PPV and NPV were 44.2 and 97.9% for microalbumin measurement alone. ACR revealed a PPV of 29.3% and a NPV of 96.2% for males and 42.9 and 98% for females, if a cut-off value of 2.5 mg/mmol for males and of 4.0 mg/mmol for females was used. Conclusions. The ACR did not provide any advantage compared with microalbumin measurement alone, but requires an additional determination of creatinine and the use of gender-specific cut-off values. Therefore, measurement of microalbuminuria alone in the spot urine sample is more convenient in daily clinical practice and should be used as the screening method for hypertensive patients.

scholarly journals Measurement of urinary 5-HIAA: correlation between spot versus 24-h urine collection

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1082-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Calanchini ◽  
Michael Tadman ◽  
Jesper Krogh ◽  
Andrea Fabbri ◽  
Ashley Grossman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Method ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Creatinine Concentration ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Reference Limit ◽  
Spot Urine Sample ◽  
Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid ◽  
Upper Reference Limit

Background The 24-h urinary output of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) is used to monitor disease progression and treatment responses of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). Several conditions are required for 5-HIAA assay, involving urine collection/preservation and food/drug restrictions. Aim To evaluate the correlation between 5-HIAA concentration in a spot urine sample and the output in a 24-h urine collection, and whether spot urine specimens can replace 24-h collection. Methods Patients with NENs or symptoms suggestive of NENs were asked to provide a separate spot urine at the end of the 24-h urine collection for 5-HIAA assessment. The upper reference limit for 24-h urinary 5-HIAA was 40 µmol/24 h. 5-HIAA measurements in spot urine samples were corrected for variation in urine flow rate by expressing results as a ratio to creatinine concentration. Results We included 136 paired urinary samples for 5-HIAA assessment from 111 patients (100 NENs). The correlation between 5-HIAA values measured in 24-h and spot urines was r = +0.863 (P < 0.001) and r = +0.840 (P < 0.001) including only NEN patients. Using the 24-h urinary 5-HIAA as reference method, the AUC on ROC analysis for spot urinary 5-HIAA was 0.948 (95% CI, 0.914–0.983; P < 0.001), attaining a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 95% using 5.3 mol/mmol as cut-off for the spot urine. The AUC among NEN patients alone was 0.945 (95% CI, 0.904–0.987; P < 0.001). Conclusions The ratio of 5-HIAA to creatinine in a spot urine could replace the measurement of 5-HIAA output in a 24-h urine collection, especially for follow-up of patients with known elevated 5-HIAA levels.

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