Review of hydrogen-assisted cracking models for application to service lifetime prediction and challenges in the oil and gas industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderrazak Traidia ◽  
Elias Chatzidouros ◽  
Mustapha Jouiad
Keyword(s):  
Life Prediction ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Process Zone ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Hydrogen Assisted Cracking ◽  
Threshold Stress Intensity Factor

AbstractThe present manuscript reviews state-of-the art models of hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) with potential for application to remaining life prediction of oil and gas components susceptible to various forms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE), namely, hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC), sulfide stress cracking (SSC), and HE-controlled stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Existing continuum models are compared in terms of their ability to predict the threshold stress intensity factor and crack growth rate accounting for the complex couplings between hydrogen transport and accumulation at the fracture process zone, local embrittlement, and subsequent fracture. Emerging multiscale approaches are also discussed, and studies relative to HE in metals and especially steels are presented. Finally, the challenges that hinder the application of existing models to component integrity assessment and remaining life prediction are discussed with respect to identification of model parameters and limitations of the fracture similitude, which paves the way to new directions for further research.

Status of Fitness-for-Service Assessment of Defected Pipeline in China

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwei Zhao ◽  
Jinheng Luo ◽  
Baosheng Dong ◽  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Guangli Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Residual Strength ◽  
Life Prediction ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Assessment Criteria ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Strength Evaluation ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Research Status ◽  
Key Technologies

Fitness-for-service assessment of defected pipeline is an important part of oil and gas pipeline integrity assessment and management. Fitness-for-service assessment comprises a residual strength evaluation and a remaining life prediction for a damaged pipeline. In the present paper, the objectives and methods for fitness-for-service assessment are classified scientifically, and their worldwide research status has been reviewed. Several novel fitness-for-service assessment criteria proposed in China are presented. Challenging problems and key technologies for fitness-for-service assessment of pipelines are outlined.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF NOISE ON WORK FATIGUE IN AN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okto Hebrani ◽  
Sandra Madonna ◽  
Prismita Nursetyowati
Keyword(s):  
Noise Level ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Process Zone ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Processing ◽  
Sampling Points

<strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of noise on work fatigue at Central Processing Plant (CPP) Gundih Completed. Noise is one of the causes of fatigue in the oil and gas industry. <strong>Methodology and Result</strong>: Noise is measured using a Sound Level Meter at 45 sampling points spread across two gas processing zones at CCP Gundih in Cepu is Utility zone and Main Process zone. The noise distribution pattern based on noise level in gas processing field of CPP Gundih made using Surfer 11 software. Measurement of fatigue using the Fatigue Measure Measurement Questionnaire and Subjective Self Rating Test questionnaire from Industrial Fatigue Research Comitte Japan. The results of this study prove that the Utility Zone at the sampling point 35 to 45 has a noise level of 74,229 dBa - 106,285 dBa, point 45 has passed the Noise Decree of Kepmenaker No. 51 of 1999, but overall the sampling point in the Utility zone has passed through Kepmenlh no. 48 in 1996. In the Main Process zone at sampling points 6 to 17 and 30 have passed the standard noise level Kepmenaker no. 51 of 1999 with a noise level of 85.967 dBa to 87.155 dBa and 85.146 dBa. Overall there are 4 sampling points that do not pass the standard noise level of Kepmenlh no. 48 of 1996 and Kepmenaker no. 51,1999 points 25, 26,31 and 33. <strong>Conclusion, significance and impact study: </strong>Noise affects fatigue based on several factors, including noise factor 39%, 32.1% weakening activity factor and physical fatigue factor 28.2%.

Overcoming Challenges of Pigging the Unpiggable Pipelines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinedu Oragwu ◽  
Daniel Molyneux ◽  
Lukeman Lawal ◽  
Stanley Ameh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Strict Compliance

Abstract Carbon steel pipelines are used to transport hydrocarbons globally because carbon steel is relatively easier to fabricate, safe for use, raw materials are available and less expensive. Amidst these benefits, carbon steel is susceptible to severe corrosion and other anomalies. Pipeline corrosion is a significant concern in the oil and gas industry. It has caused several minor and catastrophic losses of containment with resultant fatalities, environmental pollutions, asset damage, and production downtimes. The increasing failures of in-service pipelines have led the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) to intensify regulatory scrutiny of pipeline integrity assessment and management in Nigeria to ensure strict compliance to the regulatory requirements by the Oil Producing Companies. According to DPR Act (Section 2.5.2.1), all pipelines greater than 6" size diameter must be inspected every five (5) years with intelligent pigs (inline inspection tools) that would provide the accurate condition of the pipeline. However, many pipelines in Nigeria are unpiggable or difficult to inspect with intelligent pigs due to the unavailability of pigging facilities (especially in brownfields), pipelines with short bend radiuses, dual diameters, flow parameters, etcetera. This paper explores case studies involving the use of advanced inline inspection technology to conduct inline inspection of difficult-to-inspect dual-diameter pipelines.

Implementing Genetic Algorithms to Assist Oil and Gas Pipeline Integrity Assessment and Intelligent Risk Optimization

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-82
Author(s):  
Gustavo Calzada-Orihuela ◽  
Gustavo Urquiza-Beltrán ◽  
Jorge A Ascencio ◽  
Gerardo Reyes-Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Intelligent Support ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Risk Optimization ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Pipeline Segment

Oil and gas industry, worldwide, needs to monitor, control and assess the elements that are involved in the general oil transportation and production processes. However, these processes are not risk free. The project proposes an intelligent support system that provides optimized projections for effective risk management. The project focuses on the development of a set of Genetic Algorithms (GAs), a branch of AI systems that assists to optimize the usage and distribution of resources. GAs will reduce the latent risks and potential dangers as much as possible. The main purpose is to minimize the risk levels in a pipeline segment based on their condition and by detecting optimal variable configurations: their Risk of Failure (RoF), Probability of Failure (PoF), Consequence of Failure (CoF), and their sub elements (threats and impacts). The heuristic results generated by this set of GAs show a significant reduction on the risk assessment measures, by finding “optimized” configurations of these variables.

Self Directed Integrity Assessment of Non-Piggable Pipelines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashish Khera ◽  
Rajesh Uprety ◽  
Bidyut B. Baniah
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
The Us ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
External Corrosion

The responsibility for managing an asset safely, efficiently and to optimize productivity lies solely with the pipeline operators. To achieve these objectives, operators are implementing comprehensive pipeline integrity management programs. These programs may be driven by a country’s pipeline regulator or in many cases may be “self-directed” by the pipeline operator especially in countries where pipeline regulators do not exist. A critical aspect of an operator’s Integrity Management Plan (IMP) is to evaluate the history, limitations and the key threats for each pipeline and accordingly select the most appropriate integrity tool. The guidelines for assessing piggable lines has been well documented but until recently there was not much awareness for assessment of non-piggable pipelines. A lot of these non-piggable pipelines transverse through high consequence areas and usually minimal historic records are available for these lines. To add to the risk factor, usually these lines also lack any baseline assessment. The US regulators, that is Office of Pipeline Safety had recognized the need for establishment of codes and standards for integrity assessment of all pipelines more than a decade ago. This led to comprehensive mandatory rules, standards and codes for the US pipeline operators to follow regardless of the line being piggable or non-piggable. In India the story has been a bit different. In the past few years, our governing body for development of self-regulatory standards for the Indian oil and gas industry that is Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) recognized a need for development of a standard specifically for integrity assessment of non-piggable pipelines. The standard was formalized and accepted by the Indian Ministry of Petroleum in September 2013 as OISD 233. OISD 233 standard is based on assessing the time dependent threats of External Corrosion (EC) and Internal Corrosion (IC) through applying the non-intrusive techniques of “Direct Assessment”. The four-step, iterative DA (ECDA, ICDA and SCCDA) process requires the integration of data from available line histories, multiple indirect field surveys, direct examination and the subsequent post assessment of the documented results. This paper presents the case study where the Indian pipeline operators took a self-initiative and implemented DA programs for prioritizing the integrity assessment of their most critical non-piggable pipelines even before the OISD 233 standard was established. The paper also looks into the relevance of the standard to the events and other case studies following the release of OISD 233.

Implementing Genetic Algorithms to Assist Oil and Gas Pipeline Integrity Assessment and Intelligent Risk Optimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 947-967
Author(s):  
Gustavo Calzada-Orihuela ◽  
Gustavo Urquiza-Beltrán ◽  
Jorge A Ascencio ◽  
Gerardo Reyes-Salgado
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithms ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Intelligent Support ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Risk Optimization ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Pipeline Segment

Oil and gas industry, worldwide, needs to monitor, control and assess the elements that are involved in the general oil transportation and production processes. However, these processes are not risk free. The project proposes an intelligent support system that provides optimized projections for effective risk management. The project focuses on the development of a set of Genetic Algorithms (GAs), a branch of AI systems that assists to optimize the usage and distribution of resources. GAs will reduce the latent risks and potential dangers as much as possible. The main purpose is to minimize the risk levels in a pipeline segment based on their condition and by detecting optimal variable configurations: their Risk of Failure (RoF), Probability of Failure (PoF), Consequence of Failure (CoF), and their sub elements (threats and impacts). The heuristic results generated by this set of GAs show a significant reduction on the risk assessment measures, by finding “optimized” configurations of these variables.

A Review of Pipeline Integrity Assessment and Some Progress in China

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minxu Lu
Keyword(s):  
Life Prediction ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Coating Layer ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Remaining Life ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Strength Assessment ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Geological Disaster

In the paper, the significant progress of pipeline integrity assessment for oil and gas pipeline in China was expounded. The pipeline integrity assessment for oil and gas pipeline can be categorized as three aspects: the safety assessment of geological disaster, the integrity assessment for defect containing pipeline, and the effective protective life prediction for protection coating layer. The pipeline integrity assessment technology can be further categorized as remaining strength assessment and remaining life prediction for defect containing pipeline. The defects can be classified as five types for remaining strength assessment and three groups for remaining life prediction. Up to now, we have carried out integrity assessment for over twenty in-service oil and gas pipelines. In the near future, we should focus a certain extent of attention to the geological disaster assessment and effective protection life prediction for coating layer. In the paper, three typical strength remaining models and three service life prediction methods were also introduced briefly. The recent research status quo in China was also reviewed for soil induced stress corrosion cracking and some new interesting phenomena was also reported here. Finally, one typical application example was introduced, that fully accounted for the importance of safety assessment of oil and gas pipeline.

Using Small-Scale Testing in Integrity Assessment of Clad Pipes

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Motarjemi
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Cladding Layer ◽  
Testing Techniques

Utilization of clad pipes has significantly improved the performance of components used in the oil and gas industry because of their potentially higher corrosion resistance. However, a clad pipe has more complexity than a solid pipe in terms of fracture mechanics based fitness for service (FFS) assessment. To be able to properly address this issue, precise mechanical data, such as tensile properties and fracture toughness values of the both cladding and the backing materials should be known. However, as the cladding layer is normally thinner than the backing material, conventional specimens are unable to provide the required mechanical data and instead small-scale tensile and fracture toughness specimens should be used. Current paper will introduce some of the small-scale mechanical testing techniques that may be used to determine the required input data for performing a fracture-mechanics based FFS assessment of a clad pipe.

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