Sulphonated Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) Blends: Miscibility, Thermal Behavior, and Specific Interactions

e-Polymers ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Silva ◽  
Gizilene M. Carvalho ◽  
Edvani C. Muniz ◽  
Gentil J. Vidotti ◽  
Adley F. Rubira
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Immiscible Blends ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Miscible Blends ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
C Nmr

AbstractPETs/PHB blends with different compositions were produced by “casting” method. The blends were investigated by TGA, DSC, 1H and 13C NMR and FTIR. Phase separation occurred during blend preparation. PETs and PHB were present in both formed phases. The phases presented different thermal stabilities unrelated to phase component concentration changes. The miscibility study by DSC showed that PHB-phase rich blends are immiscible, whereas the PETs-rich phase blends are miscible. The 1H NMR spectra of the miscible blends exhibited a peak close to the PHB methylene signal, which is in accordance with the interaction between the PETs SO3 - groups and the PHB carbonyl groups. This interaction result in a shift of the PHB carbonyl group absorption band in the FTIR spectra and a variation in the chemical shift of the PHB carbonyl group resonance peak in solid state 13C NMR. No specific interaction was observed for the immiscible blends.

scholarly journals Sustainable Plastics from Biomass: Blends of Polyesters Based on 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niki Poulopoulou ◽  
Dimitra Smyrnioti ◽  
George N. Nikolaidis ◽  
Ilektra Tsitsimaka ◽  
Evi Christodoulou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Glass Transitions ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Immiscible Blends ◽  
Melt Polycondensation ◽  
Miscible Blends ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Poly Propylene

Intending to expand the thermo-physical properties of bio-based polymers, furan-based thermoplastic polyesters were synthesized following the melt polycondensation method. The resulting polymers, namely, poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF), poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PPF), poly(butylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PBF) and poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PCHDMF) are used in blends together with various polymers of industrial importance, including poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN), poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC). The blends are studied concerning their miscibility, crystallization and solid-state characteristics by using wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). PEF blends show in general dual glass transitions in the DSC heating traces for the melt quenched samples. Only PPF–PEF blends show a single glass transition and a single melt phase in PLM. PPF forms immiscible blends except with PEF and PBF. PBF forms miscible blends with PCHDMF and PPF, whereas all other blends show dual glass transitions in DSC and phase separation in PLM. PCHDMF–PEF and PEN–PEF blends show two glass transition temperatures, but they shift to intermediate temperature values depending on the composition, indicating some partial miscibility of the polymer pairs.

scholarly journals Exploring Next-Generation Engineering Bioplastics: Poly(alkylene furanoate)/Poly(alkylene terephthalate) (PAF/PAT) Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki Poulopoulou ◽  
Nejib Kasmi ◽  
Maria Siampani ◽  
Zoi Terzopoulou ◽  
Dimitrios Bikiaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Random Copolymers ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Reactive Blending ◽  
Immiscible Blends ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Poly Propylene

Polymers from renewable resources and especially strong engineering partially aromatic biobased polyesters are of special importance for the evolution of bioeconomy. The fabrication of polymer blends is a creative method for the production of tailor-made materials for advanced applications that are able to combine functionalities from both components. In this study, poly(alkylene furanoate)/poly(alkylene terephthalate) blends with different compositions were prepared by solution blending in a mixture of trifluoroacetic acid and chloroform. Three different types of blends were initially prepared, namely, poly(ethylene furanoate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PEF/PET), poly(propylene furanoate)/poly(propylene terephthalate) (PPF/PPT), and poly(1,4-cyclohenedimethylene furanoate)/poly(1,4-cycloxehane terephthalate) (PCHDMF/PCHDMT). These blends’ miscibility characteristics were evaluated by examining the glass transition temperature of each blend. Moreover, reactive blending was utilized for the enhancement of miscibility and dynamic homogeneity and the formation of copolymers through transesterification reactions at high temperatures. PEF–PET and PPF–PPT blends formed a copolymer at relatively low reactive blending times. Finally, poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-ethylene furanoate) (PETF) random copolymers were successfully introduced as compatibilizers for the PEF/PET immiscible blends, which resulted in enhanced miscibility.

scholarly journals Effects of Phase Morphology on Mechanical Properties: Oriented/Unoriented PP Crystal Combination with Spherical/Microfibrillar PET Phase

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dashan Mi ◽  
Yingxiong Wang ◽  
Maja Kuzmanovic ◽  
Laurens Delva ◽  
Yixin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Phase Morphology ◽  
Mechanical Recycling ◽  
Immiscible Blends ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
The Impact

In situ microfibrillation and multiflow vibrate injection molding (MFVIM) technologies were combined to control the phase morphology of blended polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), wherein PP is the majority phase. Four kinds of phase structures were formed using different processing methods. As the PET content changes, the best choice of phase structure also changes. When the PP matrix is unoriented, oriented microfibrillar PET can increase the mechanical properties at an appropriate PET content. However, if the PP matrix is an oriented structure (shish-kebab), only the use of unoriented spherical PET can significantly improve the impact strength. Besides this, the compatibilizer polyolefin grafted maleic anhydride (POE-g-MA) can cover the PET in either spherical or microfibrillar shape to form a core–shell structure, which tends to improve both the yield and impact strength. We focused on the influence of all composing aspects—fibrillation of the dispersed PET, PP matrix crystalline morphology, and compatibilized interface—on the mechanical properties of PP/PET blends as well as potential synergies between these components. Overall, we provided a theoretical basis for the mechanical recycling of immiscible blends.

Improving the properties of recycled PET/PEN blends by using different chain extenders

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simge Can ◽  
N. Gamze Karsli ◽  
Sertan Yesil ◽  
Ayse Aytac
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Chain Extender ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Loading Level ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Chain Extenders ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Abstract The main aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of the recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (r-PET/PEN) blends by enhancing the miscibility between PET and PEN with the usage of chain extenders. This idea was novel for the recycled PET-based r-PET/PEN blends, as investigation of the effects of the chain extender usage on the properties of r-PET/PEN blends has not been studied in the literature, according to our knowledge. 1,4-Phenylene-bis-oxazoline (PBO), 1,4-phenylene-di-isocyanate (PDI), and triphenyl phosphite (TPP) were selected as chain extenders. The maximum tensile strength value was observed for the 1.0PDI sample. Moreover, PDI-based blends exhibited better Izod impact strength when compared with all other samples. The miscibility and degree of crystallinity values of all blends were discussed by means of thermal analysis. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis was carried out to determine transesterification reaction levels. According to 1H-NMR results, the increase in the level of transesterification was around 40% with the usage of PDI. The optimum loading level for selected chain extenders was determined as 1 wt.%, and PDI-based blends exhibited better properties when compared with those of the blends based on PBO and TPP at this loading level.

Tetrathia Macrocycle-bridged Dimeric with Hexakis (alkylthio) Substituents and Network Polymer Phthalocyanines

1997 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. GÜREK ◽  
Ö. BEKARO ĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Chemical Doping ◽  
Organic Base ◽  
Network Polymer ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
C Nmr

1,4,7,10-Tetrathia (12-crown-4)-bridged new polymeric phthalocyanines 9 and 10 have been synthesized by the reaction of tetracyanodibenzo[1,4,7,10-tetrathia (12-crown-4)] in the presence of a strong organic base or Zn ( OAc )2 respectively. Furthermore, 1,4,7,10-tetrathia (12-crown-4)-linked peripherally octa-substituted dimeric phthalocyanine 12, which contains a combination of hexakis(alkylthia) side chains was synthesized by the reaction of subphthalocyanine 11 with the iminoisoindoline derivative 8. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV/vis, mass, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The thermal stabilities of the compounds were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. The electrical conductivity of the polymeric, 9 and 10, and dimeric phthalocyanines, 12 and 13, are in the semiconductor range; chemical doping with NOBF 4 increases the d.c. conductivity of 10 by a factor of four.

A contribution to peroxy acid oxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones and linearly conjugated dienones: Reactions in the cholestane series

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1549-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Černý ◽  
Miloš Buděšínský ◽  
Miloš Ryba ◽  
František Tureček
Keyword(s):  
Double Bond ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Peroxy Acid ◽  
Unsaturated Ketones ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Nmr Data ◽  
Epoxy Ketones ◽  
C Nmr

Oxidation with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid of s-cis α,β-unsaturated ketones IX, XI and s-trans types X, XII was compared. The s-cis ketones show higher reactivity and furnish a higher yield of the corresponding α,β-epoxy ketones than the s-trans ketones. Products of the Baeyer-Villiger reaction are formed only in low yield. The dienone VI is oxidized predominantly to VII thus violating the rule that linear conjugated dienones are epoxidized at the double bond more distant from the carbonyl group; this result is in accord with the behaviour of s-cis α,β-unsaturated ketones. 1H NMR and 13C NMR data of the starting compounds and of the products are reported.

Übergangsmetall-Carbin-Komplexe, XC. Synthese neuer, siebenfach-koordinierter, kationischer Carbin-Komplexe des Wolframs in einer höheren Oxidationszahl / Transition Metal Carbyne Complexes, XC. Synthesis of New, Seven Coordinated, Cationic Tungsten Carbyne Complexes in a Higher Oxidation State

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Constantin Filippou ◽  
Ernst Otto Fischer ◽  
Helmut Guido
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Transition Metal ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Oxidation State ◽  
Ionic Character ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Carbyne Complexes ◽  
C Nmr

The reaction of (I)3(CO)L2W≡CNEt2 (L2 = 2.2'-bipyridyl(2.2'-bipy); 1.10-phenanthroline (ophen)) (1, 2) with two equivalents of tert-butylisonitrile results in the elimination of the carbonyl group and the displacement of one iodine ligand from the coordination sphere, leading to the new, cationic carbyne complexes [(I)2(t-C4H9NC)2L2W≡CNEt2]+I- (3, 4). The ionic character and composition of 3 and 4 was confirmed by the electrical conductivity of their solutions as well as by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.

Epoxide of a ketene acetal. The first 2,2-dialkoxyoxirane to be isolated

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Dawid ◽  
Paul C Venneri ◽  
John Warkentin
Keyword(s):  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Ring Closure ◽  
Nucleophilic Attack ◽  
Carbonyl Carbon ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Carbonyl Ylide ◽  
Ketene Acetal ◽  
C Nmr

Dimethoxycarbene, generated at 110°C in benzene by thermolysis of 2,2-dimethoxy-5,5-dimethyl-Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazoline, reacted with cyclohexanone to afford 2,2-dimethoxyspiro[2.5]-1-oxaoctane. It is the first oxirane of a ketene acetal that could be isolated and characterized by 1H NMR-, 13C NMR-, and IR spectroscopy. The identical oxirane might be expected from conrotatory cyclization of the appropriate carbonyl ylide. That ylide was generated under identical conditions by thermolysis of an oxadiazoline precursor (3,4-diaza-2,2-dimethoxy-1-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-3-ene) (14). The ylide could either cyclize or fragment to dimethoxycarbene and cyclohexanone. Addition of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone, to trap dimethoxycarbene in competition with the cyclohexanone generated from 14 and, to leave the ylide closure pathway as the only route to the oxirane, showed that the carbonyl ylide does cyclize. However, fragmentation of the carbonyl ylide is relatively fast compared to its cyclization and most of it fragments to dimethoxycarbene and cyclohexanone. Oxirane formation from the carbene and ketone is probably either a concerted cycloaddition or it occurs in two steps, by nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon to form the C—C bond first, prior to ring closure. If the carbene is bonded first to O of the carbonyl group, as it is in the carbonyl ylide, subsequent formation of the C—C bond is too slow, relative to fragmentation of the ylide, to afford the oxirane ring efficiently.Key words: carbonyl ylide, dialkoxyoxirane, dimethoxycarbene, oxadiazoline, oxirane.

Stereochemistry of the Bucherer–Bergs and Strecker reactions of tropinone, cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one and cis-3,4-dimethylcyclopentanone

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 1456-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregorio G. Trigo ◽  
Carmen Avendaño ◽  
Emilia Santos ◽  
John T. Edward ◽  
Sin Cheong Wong
Keyword(s):  
Carbonyl Group ◽  
Equatorial Position ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Strecker Reaction ◽  
C Nmr

The tropane-3-spiro-5′-hydantoin (α isomer) obtained from tropinone by the Bucherer–Bergs reaction has been shown by 13C nmr and X-ray diffraction studies to have the 4′-carbonyl group in the equatorial position; the β isomer, obtained via the Strecker reaction, has this group axial. The results of these two reactions on cis-bicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one and on cis-3,4-dimethylcyclopentanone show, on the basis of the 1H nmr, 13C nmr, and X-ray diffraction studies of the products, a stereochemical course related to the preferred conformation of the cyclopentane rings.

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