Epoxidation of Palm Olein as Base Oil for Calcium Complex Bio Grease

The development of palm oil bio grease aimed to substitute grease made from petroleum with a material that is more environmentally friendly. The enhancement of bio grease characteristics can be performed by chemical synthesis. This research aimed to obtain best mole ratio of palm olein and H2O2 in the epoxidation process, and to analyze the physical characteristics of the bio grease products. This process used acetic acid and H2O2 with mole ratio variations of olein and H2O2 of 1: 3, 1: 6, and 1: 9. The mole ratio was selected based on the analysis of iodine and oxiran numbers, which was then processed into bio grease with the addition of calcium stearate and calcium acetate. Epoxidized olein with a mole ratio of olein and H2O2 of 1: 9 was selected because it achieved the highest average oxiran number (0.99), the lowest iodine number (33.09), and it was based on ANOVA and LSD tests. The higher the oxiran number, the more epoxide compounds produced. Low iodine number indicated low unsaturation in fatty acids. The peroxy acid used in the epoxidation process reacted with unsaturated compounds, so that the lower iodine number in the epoxidized olein produced more epoxide compounds. Bio grease had a light cream color, density of 0.96 g/cm3, viscosity of 31,280 mPa.s, unworked penetration of 438 (0.1 mm), worked penetration of 443 (0.1 mm), dropping point < 26°C, corrosion resistance of 2c and NLGI number 00.

DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR SOIL CHEMICAL STABILIZATION

When designing or reconstructing buildings and structures on the swelling soils, it is necessary to be particularly concerned about the pattern of these soils behavior in order to subsequently be able to predict the behavior of the ‘basement – foundation – building’ system. The most effective way to stabilize soil behavior of the basement contaminated with industrial effluents is injection methods used for stabilization. The main task of soil chemical stabilization is to strengthen the bonds between soil particles with the help of chemical reagents. As a result of the research, the design parameters for foundations stabilization of soils composed contaminated with peroxy acid were determined. Depending on the concentration of peroxy acid in the soil and the density of the used sodium silicate solution, the limiting values initial components volume ratios were determined to carry out qualitative and reliable soil stabilization for the basements.

Chemoenzymatic Epoxidation of Alkenes and Reusability Study of the Phenylacetic Acid

Here, we focused on a simple enzymatic epoxidation of alkenes using lipase and phenylacetic acid. The immobilisedCandida antarcticalipase B, Novozym 435 was used to catalyse the formation of peroxy acid instantly from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and phenylacetic acid. The peroxy phenylacetic acid generated was then utilised directly forin situoxidation of alkenes. A variety of alkenes were oxidised with this system, resulting in 75–99% yield of the respective epoxides. On the other hand, the phenylacetic acid was recovered from the reaction media and reused for more epoxidation. Interestingly, the waste phenylacetic acid had the ability to be reused for epoxidation of the 1-nonene to 1-nonene oxide, giving an excellent yield of 90%.