The evolution of Choctaw grammatical words hosh and ho: Evidence from the Pitchlynn manuscript

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-381
Author(s):  
Marcia Haag
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Legal Documents

Abstract The ubiquitous and characteristic pair of Choctaw grammatical words hosh and ho appear to have evolved from an older form, the pair hocha and hona. There are very few if any modern instances of the latter pair. But the manuscript of the Choctaw council meetings from 1826–1828, whose author was Peter Perkins Pitchlynn, shows that the older pair was common if not dominant in that era. This article illustrates the parallel usage of those forms with modern speech and the phonological processes that account for modern forms. Pitchlynn’s Council Notes manuscript, which is one of the earliest significant Choctaw texts, contemporaneous legal documents from the mid-nineteenth century, and other writings of that era, specifically hymns, show the decreasing distribution of hocha and hona and their replacement with hosh/ho.

MINOR MARRIAGES AND KHIYĀR AL-BULŪGH IN OTTOMAN PALESTINE: A NOTE ON WOMEN'S STRATEGIES IN A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Yazbak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Patriarchal Society ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Do So

AbstractSharī'a court records (sijills) are legal documents that summarize discussions that took place in the courtroom. They also contain a wealth of detail on various aspects of Muslim society. Drawing on different sijills from nineteenth-century Palestine and fatwās of Khayr al-Dīn al-Ramlī, I examine the phenomenon of child marriage and the practice of khiyār al-bulūgh, literally "option of puberty". If a natural guardian contracts a marriage for a minor child, male or female, the child may not subsequently have the contract annulled. Whereas a boy enjoys the right to divorce his wife through the mechanism of talāq as soon as he reaches his majority, a girl who reaches her majority must approach the court if she wants to dissolve a marriage (faskh), and she may do so only if she was married while a minor by a non-natural guardian. In this case, she may exercise her right of khiyār al-bulūgh immediately upon reaching her legal majority, i.e., at the onset of her first menstruation. But she must make a public declaration of the occurrence of menstruation so that the persons who hear the declaration may serve as witnesses on her behalf.

The Archaeology of the Old Stone Mill in Newport, Rhode Island

1951 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
William S. Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
American Archaeology ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Clear Line ◽  
Benedict Arnold

The origin of the old stone tower in Newport has been an important problem in the ancient history of American archaeology for something over a century. The argument swirls around two questions. Who built the tower? When was it built? There are two possible answers to the first of these questions; the second question can readily be answered if the first can be solved. Either the tower was built by persons unknown at some time in the pre-Colonial period; or it was erected in Colonial times shortly before it is first mentioned in the documents. And there is a shortage of the documents on this problem until the development of the nineteenth century romanticism. Either there was no interest or there was no problem. Up to about 1800, moreover, a clear line of legal documents traced the structure as well as the land on which it stood as belonging to Governor Benedict Arnold. The legal documents are supported by strong local tradition that the building was a stone mill. Specifically, in 1677, three documents, including Arnold's own will, mentioned the tower, and for the next 100 years other mention is rare. Thus, at the outset, we see that the controversy over the origin of the tower is recent.

Portuguese Colonial Policy

Africa ◽  
1947 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Colonial Policy

Many Portuguese have been brought up to dislike the term ‘policy’, owing to its having been so often misused in the course of the liberal period in our history (1820-1926); yet true it is that many others were led similarly to dislike the term ‘religion’ in consequence of its having been misused, chiefly in the period when intolerant clergy were to the fore (from the reign of Dom Manuel I, in the sixteenth century, to that of Dona Maria I, in the nineteenth century). By degrees, these terms are coming into their own again. The Portuguese politica, derived from the Greek through the Latin, has in English three equivalents— ‘politics’, the science of guiding peoples; ‘polity’, their constitution; and ‘policy’, the resulting activities. It is mainly with this last I wish to deal, viz. with Portuguese activities in the handling of colonial peoples and affairs. However, it appears to me necessary to begin with the constitutional and legal documents which determine such activities at the present day, in order to ascertain the factors which brought into being the legislation in question, the methods of applying it, and what has resulted therefrom.

The Birth of an African Private Epistolography, Echo Island 1862–1901

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Spaulding
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Technique ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Agricultural Community ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
The World ◽  
A New Technique

This study examines the surviving private correspondence from Echo Island (Jazīrat Abū Ranāt, formerly Abranarti), a small nineteenth-century agricultural community in the Shāīquiyya country of the northern Sudan. The central question addressed is a discordance between the preoccupations of the letters and the concerns manifested in the considerably larger literature of contemporary legal records surviving from the same community, a clash that finds resonance in the familiar historiographical rivalry between advocates of culturally autonomous consciousness and partisans of material or socioeconomic determinisms. It is suggested that the private correspondence from Echo Island may best be interpreted as a new technique of bond management in the microsociological sense that arose and flourished in an age when the community found itself compelled to respond to a colonial setting vastly larger in scale than what had previously prevailed. The world of subjective ideas evidenced in the correspondence ignored, probably deliberately, most of the pressing immediate concerns of the community revealed in the contemporary legal documents; however, it opened a new ‘mode of communication,’ a conceptual terrain across which members of the elite exercised their virtuosity in mutual manipulations of status.

le desinenze personali nella morfologia verbale delle carte cavensi (IX secolo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
Simona Valente
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The South ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nominal Inflection ◽  
Linguistic Models

Summary:This paper aims to examine some aspects of the verbal inflectional endings found in a corpus of 9th-century legal documents produced in the Lombard duchy of Salerno, in the South of Italy. Compared to nominal inflection, verbal inflection endings display a stronger continuity with the Latin of previous stages. Nevertheless, different types of innovations are observable. On the basis of data from present indicative and subjunctive, two of them will be analysed: 1) innovative forms explicable in terms of well-known morpho-phonological processes and showing convergence with the Romance outcomes 2) innovative variants, that can be interpreted in different ways, diverging both from previous stages of the Latin and from the Romance outcomes. To interpret both these kinds of variation, a crucial role is played by external factors such as the cultural level of the authors of the documents and their capability to conform to the traditional linguistic models.

scholarly journals ‘Except where herein otherwise directed’: building with legal documents in early nineteenth-century England

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Tilo Amhoff
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Architectural Practice ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
New Form ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Building Practice ◽  
Building Contracts

To show every minute portion of a building by drawing is next to impossible, and would be more laborious than useful, and therefore description in writing is resorted to, by which much labour is saved, and the intentions of the architect more readily conveyed to the mind of the operative.This paper investigates the changes in architectural practice following the introduction of contracting in gross for the execution of building work in early nineteenth-century England. This particular new form referred to two different agreements, either contracting for a whole undertaking by a single builder who agreed to erect the whole of an edifice at a predetermined price and time, or contracting for the work of a specific trade only.The changes in contracting the building work are understood as changes in building practice, whose material product would be the building. In a similar manner the building contracts are considered as the material products of the architectural practice, including not only the working drawings, but also the legal obligations and building specifications. This paper investigates the contract documents that were to be produced in the architectural office in order to build on site as evidence for a response of architectural practice to the changes in building practice. It traces this process in the adaptation of the writings of the legal documents to contracting in gross by comparing the specifications of John Soane's building contract for Tendring Hall of 1784 with the instructions and model specifications of the early nineteenth-century handbooks and practical guides.

Procedure for Maximizing Phonological Information from Single-Word Responses

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harriet B. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Information ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
Target Attainment ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Yield Information ◽  
Assessment Measure ◽  
Busy Clinician ◽  
Planning Intervention

Formal articulation test responses are often used by the busy clinician as a basis for planning intervention goals. This article describes a 6-step procedure for using efficiently the single-word responses elicited with an articulation test. This procedure involves the assessment of all consonants within a word rather than only test-target consonants. Responses are organized within a Model and Replica chart to yield information about an individual's (a) articulation ability, (b) frequency of target attainment, substitutions, and deletions, (c) variability in production, and (d) phonological processes. This procedure is recommended as a preliminary assessment measure. It is advised that more detailed analysis of continuous speech be undertaken in conjunction with early treatment sessions.

Using Conventional Articulation Tests With Highly Unintelligible Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela G. Garn-Nunn ◽  
Vicki Martin
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Conventional Test ◽  
Impaired Children

This study explored whether or not standard administration and scoring of conventional articulation tests accurately identified children as phonologically disordered and whether or not information from these tests established severity level and programming needs. Results of standard scoring procedures from the Assessment of Phonological Processes-Revised, the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, the Photo Articulation Test, and the Weiss Comprehensive Articulation Test were compared for 20 phonologically impaired children. All tests identified the children as phonologically delayed/disordered, but the conventional tests failed to clearly and consistently differentiate varying severity levels. Conventional test results also showed limitations in error sensitivity, ease of computation for scoring procedures, and implications for remediation programming. The use of some type of rule-based analysis for phonologically impaired children is highly recommended.

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