Using Conventional Articulation Tests With Highly Unintelligible Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela G. Garn-Nunn ◽  
Vicki Martin
Keyword(s):  
Test Results ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Error Sensitivity ◽  
Conventional Tests ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Conventional Test ◽  
Impaired Children

This study explored whether or not standard administration and scoring of conventional articulation tests accurately identified children as phonologically disordered and whether or not information from these tests established severity level and programming needs. Results of standard scoring procedures from the Assessment of Phonological Processes-Revised, the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, the Photo Articulation Test, and the Weiss Comprehensive Articulation Test were compared for 20 phonologically impaired children. All tests identified the children as phonologically delayed/disordered, but the conventional tests failed to clearly and consistently differentiate varying severity levels. Conventional test results also showed limitations in error sensitivity, ease of computation for scoring procedures, and implications for remediation programming. The use of some type of rule-based analysis for phonologically impaired children is highly recommended.

Consistency of Use of Phonological Processes by a Sample of Educable Mentally Impaired Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie May Watson ◽  
Julann Hiipakka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Phonological Process ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Mentally Impaired ◽  
Impaired Children

A group of 10 educable mentally impaired children ( M age = 10 yr., 4 mo.) were assessed for use of phonological process under three speaking conditions: production of single words, imitated sentences, and connected speech samples. Only the process of gliding showed significant differences in use among conditions. Results generally indicated that any of those three speaking conditions were viable for eliciting use of phonological processes by such subjects. Results are also discussed in terms of individual differences.

Interacting processes in phonological theory

Phonology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-479
Author(s):  
Külli Prillop
Keyword(s):  
Basic Principles ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
The Core ◽  
Repair Processes ◽  
Generative Theory ◽  
Environment Effects ◽  
Markedness Constraint ◽  
Serial Rule ◽  
Chain Shifts

This article introduces basic principles of a generative theory of phonology that unifies aspects of parallel constraint-based theories and serial rule-based theories. In the core of the grammar are phonological processes that consist of a markedness constraint and a repair. Processes are universal, but every language activates a different set, and applies them in different orders. Phonological processes may be in bleeding or feeding relations. These two basic relations are sufficient to define more complicated interactions, such as blocking, derived and non-derived environment effects, chain shifts and allophony.

Is Bug Severity in Line with Bug Fixing Change Complexity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (11n12) ◽  
pp. 1779-1800
Author(s):  
Zengyang Li ◽  
Peng Liang ◽  
Dengwei Li ◽  
Ran Mo ◽  
Bing Li
Keyword(s):  
Effort Estimation ◽  
Severity Level ◽  
Release Planning ◽  
Bug Reports ◽  
Bug Fixing ◽  
Code Change ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lower Severity ◽  
Severity Levels

Both complexity of code change for bug fixing and bug severity play an important role in release planning when considering which bugs should be fixed in a specific release under certain constraints. This work investigates whether there are significant differences between bugs of different severity levels regarding the complexity of code change for fixing the bugs. Code change complexity is measured by the number of modified lines of code, source files, and packages, as well as the entropy of code change. We performed a case study on 20 Apache open source software (OSS) projects using commit records and bug reports. The study results show that (1) for bugs of high severity levels (i.e. Blocker, Critical and Major in JIRA), there is no significant difference on the complexity of code change for fixing bugs of different severity levels for most projects, while (2) for bugs of low severity levels (i.e. Major, Minor and Trivial in JIRA), fixing bugs of a higher severity level needs significantly more complex code change than fixing bugs of a lower severity level for most projects. These findings provide useful and practical insights for effort estimation and release planning of OSS development.

Unraveling the Mystery of Auditory Brainstem Response Corrections: The Need for Universal Standards

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 950-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda W. Norrix ◽  
David Velenovsky
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Brainstem Response ◽  
Auditory Brainstem ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Behavioral Thresholds ◽  
Hearing Thresholds ◽  
Brainstem Response ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Universal Standard

Background: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is used to estimate behavioral hearing thresholds in infants and difficult-to-test populations. Differences between the toneburst ABR and behavioral thresholds exist making the correspondence between the two measures less than perfect. Some authors have suggested that corrections be applied to ABR thresholds to account for these differences. However, because there is no agreed upon universal standard, confusion regarding the use of corrections exists. Purpose: The primary purpose of this article is to review the reasoning behind and use of corrections when the toneburst ABR is employed to estimate behavioral hearing thresholds. We also discuss other considerations that all audiologists should be aware of when obtaining and reporting ABR test results. Results: A review of the purpose and use of corrections reveals no consensus as to whether they should be applied or which should be used. Additionally, when ABR results are adjusted, there is no agreement as to whether additional corrections for hearing loss or the age of the client are necessary. This lack of consensus can be confusing for all individuals working with hearing-impaired children and their families. Conclusions: Toneburst ABR thresholds do not perfectly align with behavioral hearing thresholds. Universal protocols for the use of corrections are needed. Additionally, evidence-based procedures must be employed to obtain valid ABRs that will accurately estimate hearing thresholds.

Allegro rules in colloquial Thai: some thoughts on process phonology

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Phonological Processes ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
General Picture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Phonological Structure

As part of an investigation into rapid speech and its rule-based processes, I want to present an analysis of colloquial spoken Thai and show how different tempi can be related to one another. I also want to see whether the processes displayed by colloquial Thai fit into the general picture of phonological processes which has emerged over the past 15 years or so (roughly Stampe, 1969, onwards) within different theoretical frameworks. In particular I shall try to relate my findings to the increasingly accepted notions of richer phonological structure now being envisaged (e.g. Clements & Keyser, 1983 – tridimensional; Goldsmith, 1976 a & b – autosegmental; Liberman & Prince, 1977 and Kiparsky, 1979 – metrical; Anderson & Ewen, 1980, and Durand, 1986 a – dependency).

The Word Test: Language Assessment of Elementary Age Visually Impaired Children

1985 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 289-292
Author(s):  
Lisa Doss Wilson ◽  
Shirley Jo Pine
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Language Assessment ◽  
Language Test ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Test Norms ◽  
Word Test ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Visually Impaired Children

Thirty visually impaired children, six through 12½ years of age, weere administered an expressive language test to determine its usefulness in identification of children with language disorders. The Word Test was selected because it does not use visual stimulus and its norms are based on test of sighted elementary age children. Correlation between age and scores and comparisons of test results for individuals with test norms indicate that The Word Test can be used with confidence in assessment of language disorders among visually impaired children.

scholarly journals Autonomy Stemmer Algorithm for Legal and Illegal Affix Detection use Finite-State Automata Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Ana Tsalitsatun Ni'mah ◽  
Dwi Ari Suryaningrum ◽  
Agus Zainal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Regular Expression ◽  
Finite State Automata ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Correct Word ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Basic Word ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Finite State ◽  
Test Result

Stemming is the process of separating words from their affixes to get a basic word. Stemming is generally used when preprocessing in text-based applications. Indonesian Stemming has developed research which is divided into two types, namely, stemming without dictionaries and stemming using dictionaries. Stemming without dictionaries has a disadvantage in the results of removal of affixes which are sometimes inappropriate so that it results in over stemming or under stemming, while stemming using dictionaries has a disadvantage during the stemming process which is relatively long and cannot eliminate affixes to compound words. This study proposes a new stemming algorithm without a dictionary that is able to detect legal and illegal affixes in Indonesian using the Finite-State Automata method. The technique used is rule-based Stemmer based on Indonesian language morphology with Regular Expression. Test results were carried out using 118 news documents with 15792 words. The first test results on the autonomy stemmer algorithm obtain the correct word which amounts to 10449 of the total number of words processed, which means getting an average accuracy of 66%. The second test results on the autonomy stemmer algorithm get the results of the average speed of 0.0051 seconds. The third test result is being able to do the elimination of affixes to compound words.

scholarly journals SISTEM MONITORING GAS AMONIA DAN KADAR BERSIH UDARA PADA KANDANG SAPI PERAH DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN PROTOKOL KOMUNIKASI MQTT DAN ALGORITMA RULE BASED SYSTEM

Repositor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gofur ◽  
Diah Risqiwati ◽  
Vinna Rahmayanti Setyaning Nastiti
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Ammonia Gas ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Rule Based System ◽  
Monitoring Model ◽  
Arduino Uno

AbstrakPeternakan sapi merupakan faktor yang sangat penting dalam memenuhi kebutuhan manusia akan pangan, dalam peternakan sapi perah banyak sekali manfaat dan keuntungan yang didapatkan seperti susu dan daging. Salah satu contoh yang membahayakan bagi sapi dan peternak adalah menyebarnya paparan gas amonia bagi lingkungan area kandang sapi perah dan rumah peternak. Gas amonia sendiri dihasilkan dari kotoran sapi yang terlalu lama mengendap dalam sebuah ruangan, jika kotoran sapi tidak cepat untuk dibersihkan maka efek yang ditimbulkan dapat mencemari lingkungan dan berdampak timbulnya penyakit yang bisa menyerang manusia dan sapi perah. Dengan adanya kemajuan teknologi dibuat lah sebuah model pemantauan gas amonia, gas monoksida dan suhu kelembaban dengan menggunakan perangkat Arduino Uno, sensor MQ-7, sensor MQ-135 dan DHT11 pada area kandang sapi perah dengan menggunakan MQTT dan algoritma rule based system. Alat ini juga mempunya aksi buzzer dan blower, fungsi buzzer sendiri sebagai peringatan jika kondisi area kandang sudah terpapar oleh gas amonia dan monoksida maka buzzer akan berbunyi. Sedangkan blower gunanya sebagai penetralisir udara agar gas yang berbahaya tidak sampai memasuki ruangan rumah peternak dan menstabilkan suhu kelembaban area kandang sapi perah. Hasil pengujian rssi menunjukakan bahwa jarak berpengaruh dalam pengiriman data semakin jauh jarak akan mempengaruh sinyal dan delay waktu akan terjadi dalam pengiriman data.  Abstract               Cattle farming is a very important factor in meeting human needs for food, in dairy farming there are many benefits and benefits such as milk and meat. One dangerous example for cattle and breeders is the widespread exposure of ammonia gas to the environment of dairy cages and farmer homes. Ammonia gas itself is produced from cow dung that settles too long in a room, if cow dung is not fast to be cleaned then the effects can pollute the environment and have an impact on diseases that can attack humans and dairy cows. With the advancement of technology, a monitoring model of ammonia, gas monoxide and temperature of humidity was made using Arduino Uno devices, MQ-7 sensors, MQ-135 and DHT11 sensors in the dairy cow enclosure area using MQTT and rule based system algorithms. This tool also has buzzer and blower action, the buzzer function itself as a warning if the condition of the enclosure area has been exposed to ammonia and monoxide gas then the buzzer will sound. While the blower is used as an air neutralizer so that harmful gases do not enter the farmer's room and stabilize the humidity temperature of the dairy cow enclosure area. The RSSI test results indicate that the distance influencing the data transmission the further the distance will affect the signal and the delay in time will occur in the data transmission.

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