Networks in the mental lexicon – contributions from Hungarian

Glottotheory ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
László Kovács ◽  
Katalin Orosz ◽  
Péter Pollner
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
South Florida ◽  
European Language ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Statistical Measures ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Association Data

Abstract Connections between the units of the mental lexicon store information as complex networks, where nodes represent words. With the emergence of network science characteristics of this mental network can be quantified. Present paper investigates the network structure of the mental lexicon of a non-Indo-European language, Hungarian, using a word association database which collected word association data online. The data is examined with statistical measures of networks: path length and degree centrality are calculated. Comparing the network characteristics of the database to the English South Florida Word Association Database we found that both networks display similar characteristics. We show that the central elements of the two databases are the same words (5 out of 7) and that the most central element in the Hungarian database is money, regardless the used centrality measure. The Hungarian database possesses a single, highly connected core, which defines the network properties of the whole database. This connected core is responsible for the short paths inside the lexicon.

scholarly journals Networks in the mind – what communities reveal about the structure of the lexicon

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-199
Author(s):  
László Kovács ◽  
András Bóta ◽  
László Hajdu ◽  
Miklós Krész
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Association Network ◽  
Community Structures ◽  
Associative Structure ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Agglutinative Language

Abstract The mental lexicon stores words and information about words. The lexicon is seen by many researchers as a network, where lexical units are nodes and the different links between the units are connections. Based on the analysis of a word association network, in this article we show that different kinds of associative connections exist in the mental lexicon. Our analysis is based on a word association database from the agglutinative language Hungarian. We use communities – closely knit groups – of the lexicon to provide evidence for the existence and coexistence of different connections. We search for communities in the database using two different algorithms, enabling us to see the overlapping (a word belongs to multiple communities) and non-overlapping (a word belongs to only one community) community structures. Our results show that the network of the lexicon is organized by semantic, phonetic, syntactic and grammatical connections, but encyclopedic knowledge and individual experiences are also shaping the associative structure. We also show that words may be connected not just by one, but more types of connections at the same time.

Are Tetra[gold(I)]phosphonium Cations [(LAu)4P]+ Non-obedient to the LeBel-van’t Hoff Rule?

2008 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 853-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Schmidbaur
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Tetrahedral Structure ◽  
Pyramidal Structure ◽  
Onium Salts ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Aurophilic Interactions ◽  
Molecular And Electronic Structure ◽  
Phosphonium Cations

Recent theoretical studies of the molecular and electronic structure of tetra[(phosphine)gold(I)]- phosphonium cations, [(H3PAu)4P]+, gave contradictory results favoring either a classical tetrahedral or a unique square-pyramidal structure of the PAu4 unit. A tetrahedral structure had previously been confirmed for the corresponding ammonium cations [(Ph3PAu)4N]+, while a square-pyramidal structure was discovered for the corresponding arsonium cations [(Ph3PAu)4As]+, but there is as yet no unequivocal experimental evidence for the structure of phosphonium cations like [(Ph3PAu)4P]+ in an innocent environment. - In this account the structural chemistry of this class of onium salts and related species is reviewed. The data accumulated to date provide virtually compelling evidence that the phosphonium cations should have a ground state with a square pyramidal PAu4 core unit, provided that no external constraints are imposed. For large central elements (P, As), aurophilic interactions appear to drive the reorganization from tetrahedral to square-pyramidal skeletons in which a maximum number of short Au---Au contacts can be maintained. For the small central element N, similar interactions are already realized in the tetrahedral structure.

Conceptualisations of xoshbaxti (‘happiness / prosperity’) and baxt (‘fate / luck’) in Persian

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzad Sharifian ◽  
Mehri Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
European Language ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Married Life ◽  
Multidisciplinary Nature ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Linguistics ◽  
The Way

Abstract This paper explores conceptualisations of xoshbaxti (‘happiness / prosperity’) and baxt (‘fate / luck’) in Persian, adopting a combined historical and contemporary analysis. The expression xoshbaxti consists of the free morphemes xosh (‘pleasant’) and baxt (‘fate’). The root of baxt originates from the Proto-Indo-European language (bʰeh₂g). An historical analysis returning all the way to the Proto-Indo-Iranian religion shows that the concept of baxt captured the idea of a pre-determined destiny by conceptualising Bhaga as a god who dispenses fortune. Data from a number of Persian encyclopaedias, dictionaries and weblogs, as well as a word association task carried out by a group of speakers of Persian, revealed that xoshbaxti in contemporary Persian is largely associated with what is considered to be a “good” married life. Overall, the findings of this study illustrate the usefulness of combining diachronic and synchronic approaches when analysing cultural conceptualisations. The study also shows that attempts to trace the historical roots of cultural conceptualisations may benefit from insights gained in other fields, such as the history of religions. In this context, the multidisciplinary nature of the newly developed field of Cultural Linguistics provides an effective basis for cross-disciplinary openness, which has the potential to deepen the scope of analyses undertaken.

scholarly journals National Airline Networks : A Graph Theoretic Analysis

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (48) ◽  
pp. 461-474
Author(s):  
Siim Sööt
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Theoretic Analysis ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Domestic Airline ◽  
Topographic Relief

Network properties of national domestic airline Systems are examined and linked to causal factors such as levels of economic development, population size and distribution, topographic relief, and size of country. Graph theoretic indices are utilized to measure network characteristics and become the independant variables in regression analyses. The theoretical pitfalls of this method are highlighted by utilizing a path analytic framework to identify the degree of interrelationship among the dependent variables. Still, the graph theoretic method is deemed useful as a means of topologic analysis of network structures.

Studies of Paired-Associate Learning as a Function of Normative Word-Association Strength

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Balch ◽  
S. I. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Paired Associate ◽  
Paired Associate Learning ◽  
Association Strength ◽  
Associate Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
Association Data

A bibliography is provided of studies of paired-associate learning as a function of word-association strength inferred from normative collections of word-association data. Over 60 such studies have been published during the past decade.

The MRC Psycholinguistic Database

1981 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Coltheart
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
Association Data ◽  
Selection Of

This paper describes a computerised database of psycholinguistic information. Semantic, syntactic, phonological and orthographic information about some or all of the 98,538 words in the database is accessible, by using a specially-written and very simple programming language. Word-association data are also included in the database. Some examples are given of the use of the database for selection of stimuli to be used in psycholinguistic experimentation or linguistic research.

Girl – lass or curl?

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 22.1-22.17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catrin Elisabeth Norrby ◽  
Gisela Håkansson
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Lexical Development ◽  
Association Tests

One of the ways to investigate the mental lexicon is to use word association tests. Empirical studies comparing associations by children and adults have indicated a tendency for children to give syntagmatic responses, whereas adults give paradigmatic responses. In order to investigate lexical development in L2 acquisition of Swedish we collected data from two groups of students, one in MalmÖ, Sweden and one in Melbourne. Part of the Melbourne group also took the association test in their L1 six months later. Native speakers were used as a control group. The results demonstrate that learners in general tend to focus more on form than content compared to native speakers. This trend was particularly strong for the L2 group in Melbourne who also exhibited more variation in their responses compared to the L2 group in Sweden and the NS control group.

Three Conceptions of the Role of Teacher

1976 ◽  
Vol 158 (4) ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles J. Nier
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Classroom Dynamics ◽  
Teaching Behavior ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
Teacher Trainees ◽  
Training Format ◽  
Association Data

That the personality of a teacher has a direct bearing upon classroom dynamics is generally acknowledged; how personality influences manifest teaching behavior is as yet unclear. This article seeks to clarify some of the relationships which exist between a teacher's interpersonal structure and psychological needs, and how those needs can be expressed through the role of teacher. The effects which three distinct role conceptualizations have on classes and pupils are reviewed and examined. Three teacher typologies (Ambitious, Conscientious, and Indulgent), each linked to a side of personality structure, are described. The discussion focuses upon responses to the stimulus TEACHER as elicited from teacher trainees through the administration of a word association test. The response patterns of three trainees, who may be seen as prototypical of the three teaching types, are analyzed. Three contrasting configurations of psychological needs and educational priorities are suggested by the trainees’ response patterns, each having implications for teaching behavior and teacher-pupil relationships. The discussion concludes by presenting methods of integrating word association data into a training format which can provide individuals with a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of themselves as teachers.

The Multilevel Effects of Network Embeddedness on Interpersonal Citizenship Behavior

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 730-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Ho Chung ◽  
Jeehye Park ◽  
Hyoung Koo Moon ◽  
Hongseok Oh
Keyword(s):  
Joint Effect ◽  
Citizenship Behavior ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
Network Characteristics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Network Embeddedness ◽  
Network Properties ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Multilevel Effects ◽  
Different Levels

Interpersonal citizenship behavior (ICB) in organizations is an inherently relational and multilevel phenomenon. Using a multilevel framework, this study investigates the different levels of social network antecedents of ICBs. Specifically, the authors examine the effects of individual-level network characteristics (centrality and transitivity) and group-level network properties (density and centralization) on individuals’ ICBs. From a sample of 846 individuals in 149 work groups, the authors find that individual centrality and the network density of a group increased group members’ ICBs and note the positive joint effect of both predictors. Furthermore, consistent with their prediction, the tendency for individuals embedded in a local triad to display less ICB is greater in the decentralized group. This result shows a possible trade-off between structural positions in local and global networks in facilitating individuals’ ICBs.

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