Exploring Scots pine fibre development mechanisms during TMP processing: Impact of cell wall ultrastructure (morphological and topochemical) on negative behaviour

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Fernando ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Fibre Cell ◽  
Fibre Development ◽  
Ultrastructural Characteristics

Abstract A study was carried out aiming at understanding the fundamental reasons for different fibre behaviour exhibited by Norway spruce and Scots pine causing large energy consumption differences during thermomechanical pulping (TMP). Ultrastructural characterization of TMP fibres and shives, which were sampled from the two wood species after primary refining, was performed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and TEM-immunogold labelling for their morphological and topochemical properties. As expected, pine wood chips needed higher electrical energy consumption to be refined to a given Canadian Standard Freeness and it produced inferior strength properties compared to spruce. Electron microscopy (EM) observations indicated that the mechanisms of fibre development during primary refining of pine and spruce were different. The two stages of pine fibre separation and development were not concurrent. Results indicated that pine fibre defibration/fracture occurred predominantly through the compound middle lamella/S1 interphase or through the S1 layer producing lesser amounts of shives during the primary refining stage than spruce. In contrast, spruce fibres defibrated mainly through the S2 layer. Detailed EM observations on shives and pulp fibres from TMP revealed the ultrastructural characteristics associated with pine fibre cell walls. Morphological and topochemical features of the S1 layer, S1/S2 interphase, such as lignin and galactoglucomannan distribution across cell walls were explored. The ultrastructural properties are discussed in relation to the TMP parameters (i.e., electrical energy consumption) and strength data. It is concluded that ultrastructural characteristics of Scots pine fibre cell walls govern the different fibre development mechanisms and explain the negative response of this wood during TMP processing.

scholarly journals Resistance of the S1 layer in kempas heartwood fibers to soft rot decay

IAWA Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Adya P. Singh ◽  
Andrew H.H. Wong ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Seung Gon Wi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Fibre Cell ◽  
Utility Pole ◽  
Transmission Electron

Naturally durable heartwoods, where available, continue to be used as support structures in environments considered hazardous, particularly in ground contact. However, durability of heartwoods against wood decay microorganisms varies. Therefore, it is important to evaluate heartwood products for their in-service performance in order to maximise benefits derived from this valuable natural resource of limited supply. In the work presented, wood pieces from a kempas (Koompassia malaccensis) utility pole that had been placed in service in an acidic soil in Malaysia, and in time had softened at the ground-line position, were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy to evaluate the cause of deterioration.Light microscopy (LM) provided evidence of extensive attack on fibre cell walls by cavity-producing soft rot fungi. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed in greater detail the distribution and micromorphologies of cavities as well as their relationships to the fine structure of fibre cell walls, which consisted of a highly electron dense middle lamella, a moderately dense S1 layer and a multilamellar S2 layer with variable densities, reflecting differences in lignin concentration. The resistance of the moderately dense S1 layer to soft rot was a feature of particular interest and is the main focus of the work presented. The resistance appeared to be correlated with high lignification of the outermost region of the S2 wall, interfacing with the S1 layer, an unusual cell wall feature not previously described for normal wood.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

A persuasive multi-agent simulator to improve electrical energy consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Fernanda P. Mota ◽  
Cristiano R. Steffens ◽  
Diana F. Adamatti ◽  
Silvia S. Da C Botelho ◽  
Vagner Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Multi Agent

scholarly journals AUDIT ENERGI PADA SEBUAH HOTEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Didik Ariwibowo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Pumping System

Didik Ariwibowo, in this paper explain that energy audit activities conducted through several phases, namely: the initial audit, detailed audit, analysis of energy savings opportunities, and the proposed energy savings. Total energy consumed consists of electrical energy, fuel, and materials in this case is water. Electrical energy consumption data obtained from payment of electricity accounts for a year while consumption of fuel and water obtained from the payment of material procurement. From the calculation data, IKE hotels accounted for 420.867 kWh/m2.tahun, while the IKE standards for the hotel is 300 kWh/m2.tahun. Thus, IKE hotel included categorized wasteful in energy usage. The largest energy consumption on electric energy consumption. Largest electric energy consumption is on the air conditioning (AC-air conditioning) that is equal to 71.3%, and lighting and electrical equipment at 27.28%, and hot water supply system by 4.44%. Electrical energy consumption in AC looks very big. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the statutes, the profile of energy use by air conditioning at the hotel by 48.5%. With these considerations in the AC target for audit detail as the next phase of activity. The results of a detailed audit analysis to find an air conditioning system energy savings opportunities in pumping systems. Recommendations on these savings is the integration of automation on the pumping system and fan coil units (FCU). The principle of energy conservation in the pumping system is by installing variable speed drives (VSD) pump drive motor to adjust speed according to load on the FCU. Load variations FCU provide input on the VSD pumps to match. Adaptation is predicted pump can save electricity consumption up to 65.7%. Keywords: energy audit, IKE, AC

scholarly journals Specific Electrical Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Assessment of Agrifood Industries in the Central Region of Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1880-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro D. Silva ◽  
Pedro Dinis Gaspar ◽  
J. Nunes ◽  
L.P.A Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Result Analysis

This paper provides a characterization of the electrical energy consumption of agrifood industries located in the central region of Portugal that use refrigeration systems to ensure the food safety. The study is based on the result analysis of survey data and energy characteristics of the participating companies belonging to the following agrifood sectors: meat, dairy, horticultural, distribution and wine. Through the quantification of energy consumption of companies is possible to determine the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions indexed to its manufacturing process. Comparing the energy and GHGs emissions indexes of companies of a sector and between sectors is possible to create reference levels. With the results of this work is possible to rating the companies in relation to reference levels of energy and GHGs emissions and thus promote the rational use of energy by the application of practice measures for the improvement of the energy efficiency and the reduction of GHGs emissions.

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