scholarly journals Bioecology of Nephopterygia austeritella (Lep.: Pyralidae), a potential biological control agent of Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) in central Iran

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mohammadi-Khoramabadi ◽  
H. Alipanah ◽  
S. Belokobylskij ◽  
M.R. Nematollahi
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Prosopis Farcta

Summary Prosopis farcta (Fabaceae) is a native and common perennial weed plant in Iran. In search of environmental-friendly control methods against P. farcta, we discovered the seed feeder moth Nephopterygia austeritella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in central Iran and studied its bioecology for the first time from 2008 through 2009. Infestation pattern, larval feeding behaviour, developmental period, seasonal occurrence and the adverse impact of the moth on the reproductive organs of P. farcta were investigated. Diagnostic morphological characters of the fifth larval instar of N. austeritella are provided. Two gregarious ectoparasitoids were reared and identified as Apanteles subcamilla and Phanerotoma leucobasis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Mortality rates of the larvae were 3.03 and 13.44% in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Larvae destroyed 29.6-38.4% of the pods of their host plants. The potential of N. austeritella as an efficient biological control agent in IPM programs against P. farcta is discussed.

Impact ofCeutorhynchus liturafeeding on root carbohydrate levels in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-633 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary L. Hein ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels ◽  
The Impact

Canada thistle is a serious perennial weed found throughout the northern regions of the United States and Canada. The weevil,Ceutorhynchus litura(F.), was first released in Canada in 1965 as a potential biological control agent for Canada thistle; however, its impact as a control agent has been sporadic. The objective of this study was to characterizeC. lituraimpacts on the carbohydrate profile in Canada thistle roots through the growing season and to evaluate the potential for this biological control agent in causing stress to Canada thistle. Field plots, infested withC. litura, were established and extensively sampled forC. liturainfestations. By samplingC. litura–damaged and undamaged Canada thistle shoots–roots through the season, we were able to establish the profile of free sugars and fructans in the roots and compare these levels to the presence and extent of insect damage. Levels of all free sugars and fructans were consistently found to be depressed in roots fromC. litura–damaged shoots early in the summer during and shortly after the larval feeding period.Ceutorhynchus liturafeeding in Canada thistle shoots appears to disrupt the movement of photoassimilates from leaves to roots. Late-season levels of free sugars and fructans indicate that roots do recover from these depressed levels, and in several instances, significant overcompensation occurred in the damaged roots. Measurement of free sugars and fructans to identify sublethal impacts of control tactics may allow the strategic combining of complementary tactics to maximize the impact of stresses on Canada thistle.

scholarly journals Host Range and Impact of Dichrorampha aeratana, the First Potential Biological Control Agent for Leucanthemum vulgare in North America and Australia

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Sonja Stutz ◽  
Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate ◽  
Hariet L. Hinz ◽  
Alec McClay ◽  
Andrew J. McConnachie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Choice Tests

We evaluated the potential of the European root-feeding moth Dichrorampha aeratana as a biological control agent for the invasive weed Leucanthemum vulgare (oxeye daisy) in North America and Australia. The taxonomic proximity of the ornamental Shasta daisy (Leucanthemum × superbum) to L. vulgare and its popularity in North America made finding sufficiently host-specific biological control agents a challenge. No-choice tests conducted with 74 non-target species revealed partial or complete larval development on 11 species. In multiple-choice oviposition and larval development tests that were conducted in field cages, larvae were found on five of these, however in multiple-choice tests conducted under open-field conditions, larvae were only found on the ornamentals Shasta daisy and creeping daisy (Mauranthemum paludosum). Larval feeding by D. aeratana had no measurable impact on Shasta daisy, but larval feeding and plant competition reduced the biomass and number of flower heads of L. vulgare. We conclude that D. aeratana is a suitable biological control agent because it will not affect the ornamental value of Shasta or creeping daisies and because it is unlikely to feed on any other economically important or native species. We also expect D. aeratana to contribute to the suppression of L. vulgare populations.

scholarly journals A new report of three parasitoids of the cogongrass gall-midge Orseolia javanica Kieffer & Van Leeuwen-Reijnvaan (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Bogor West Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012019
Author(s):  
M N Maqalina ◽  
I S Harahap ◽  
P Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
West Java ◽  
Population Collapse

Abstract The cogongrass gall midge, Orseolia javanica, has been identified as a biological control agent with the ability to specifically attack cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) or known in Indonesia as alang-alang. However, in the field, the cogongrass gall midge has a high parasitism by insect parasitoids, which could lead to population collapse. Information regarding the insect parasitoids of the cogongrass gall midge is a very limited. The objectives of this study was to describe and identify the new reported cogongrass gall midge parasitoids in Gunung Gadung cemetery in Cipaku, South Bogor District, Bogor. This study was conducted by taking the cogongrass galls in the field, maintaining in the laboratory, identificating the parasitoids, and calculating the percentage of parasitism. The study has been conducted from August 2020 to May 2021. Three new reported parasitoids were identified on O. javanica in addition to five already known parasitoid, they were Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), Lamprotatus sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), and Nigeriella sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae). These parasitoids may be able to reduce the effectiveness of the cogongrass gall-midge in controlling the cogongrass. Their morphological characters, descriptions, and percentage of parasitism are presented.

scholarly journals A maximalist approach to the systematics of a biological control agent: Gryon aetherium Talamas, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 323-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elijah J. Talamas ◽  
Jonathan S. Bremer ◽  
Matthew R. Moore ◽  
Marie-Claude Bon ◽  
Zachary Lahey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent

A morphological and molecular analysis of Gryon Haliday (Platygastroidea, Scelionidae) was conducted to provide a taxonomic and phylogenetic context for a species under evaluation as a biological control agent of Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae). Our analysis revealed that Gryon is polyphyletic and that the biological control agent is not G. gonikopalense, a name that was tentatively applied to this species in 2019. We here describe this species as new, Gryon aetherium Talamas sp. nov., and resurrect the generic name Hadronotus Förster. Morphological characters that delimit our concepts of Gryon and Hadronotus are presented. Based on morphological characters and multilocus phylogenies, we determined that five presently valid scelionid genera belong within Gryon. In total, 15 species are transferred into Gryon from these genera, 215 species are transferred from Gryon to Hadronotus, and 6 species are transferred from Gryon to Dyscritobaeus Perkins. Specimens collected during field studies in California and reevaluation of specimens determined as G. myrmecophilum in Mexico reveal that G. aetherium is adventive in North America.

scholarly journals Evaluating the efficacy of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis on induce the plant growth and resistance of local variety patchouli under covered and uncovered seedlings methods

2022 ◽  
Vol 951 (1) ◽  
pp. 012106
Author(s):  
R Sriwati ◽  
T Chamzurni ◽  
F Razi ◽  
Syaifullah ◽  
Yunita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Pests And Diseases

Abstract To increase plant resistance from an early age, it is necessary to introduce biological control agents from groups of fungi and bacteria. This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma harziaunum and Bacillus thuringiensis Aceh isolates in increasing the superiority of Aceh patchouli plants that are resistant to pests and plant diseases. The study used non-factorial RAL method with cover and uncovered seedling methods. Both series were treated with the same biological control agent, the control without any treatment, the treatment of T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis while the observations were made when the seedling covered was opened. Observations included plant morphological characters, plant growth development and peroxidase enzymes. The results showed that morphologically the original patchouli growing in Lhoong district had similar morphological characters to the Lhokseumawe variety. The application of biological control agents of the T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis groups was more effective in increasing plant growth in the closed seedling treatment compared to the uncovered seedling. T. harzianum gave the best effect at a dose range of 1-1.5 while B. thuringensis showed a better effect at a concentration of 10-15 ml. Both treatments increased the growth of patchouli seedlings as indicated by the better plant height and number of shoots. Furthermore, higher peroxidation enzymes were found in the closed seedling treatment with 1.5 g T harzianum and 15 ml B. thuringiensis. The high peroxidase enzyme as an indicator of the more resistant plants have been induced to pests and diseases. From the screen house experiment, T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis were more efficient in inducing plant growth and disease resistance of local varieties of patchouli using the closed seedling method.

scholarly journals Descrição da larva de 3º ínstar e redescrição do adulto de Phaedon confinis Klug (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Julianne Milléo ◽  
Felícia Pereira de Albuquerque ◽  
Jonathan Pena Castro ◽  
Luciano de Azevedo Moura
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Lateral Margins ◽  
Oval Body

Tendo em vista o potencial de Phaedon confinis Klug como biocontrolador de Senecio brasiliensis Less e a carência do conhecimento taxonômico das espécies de Phaedon registradas para o Brasil, o trabalho teve como objetivos descrever a larva de 3º instar, bem como acrescentar novos caracteres do adulto e ilustrações para o reconhecimento da espécie. As larvas de P. confinis são eruciformes, subcilíndricas, alongadas e ligeiramente convexas; superfície dorsal marrom-escura e ventral com regiões amareladas mais claras; quatro cerdas na fronte; seis estemas arranjados em três grupos; labro marrom, com quatro pares de cerdas; placa pronotal com dez cerdas; região pleural do protórax com tubérculo T; meso- e metatórax com tubérculos Dai e Dae aproximados, mas não fusionados, e tubérculos Es-Ss fusionados entre si e pela linha mediana; garras tarsais simples; abdômen com tubérculo Dae ausente e Dai presente e pouco pronunciado; tubérculos abdominais com duas cerdas em Dpi e Dpe. Adulto com corpo oval e convexo dorsalmente; pronoto e élitros glabros; coloração predominante azul violeta metálica; margens laterais do pronoto arredondadas, castanho-amareladas com mácula central azul-metálica; estrias elitrais com pontuações profundas e ordenadas em oito fileiras longitudinais; regiões castanho-amareladas na cabeça, protórax e pernas; cabeça com duas pequenas máculas pretas ovais, posteriores aos olhos na região do vértice.Description of the 3rd Instar Larva and Characters of Adult Phaedon confinis Klug (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)Abstract. In view of the potential of Phaedon confinis Klug as an biological control agent of the Senecio brasiliensis Less and the lack of taxonomic knowledge of the species Phaedon recorded for Brazil, this paper aimed to describe the 3rd larval instar, redescribe the adult, as well as add new characters and illustrations to acknowledgment of the specie. The P. confinis larvae are eruciform, subcylindrical, elongated and slightly convex; dorsal surface dark brown and ventral surface with yellowish lighter regions; four setae in the front; six stemmata arranged in three groups; brown labrum, with four pairs of setae, pronotal plate with ten setae; pleural region of prothorax with tubercle T; meso- and metathorax with tubercles Dai and Dae close, but not fused, and tubercles Es-Ss fused between themselves by midline; simple tarsal claws; abdomen with tubercle Dae absent and Dai present, little pronounced; abdominal tubercles with two setae in Dpi and Dpe. Adult has oval body and dorsally convex; pronotum and elytral glabrous; predominant colour blue metallic violet; lateral margins of pronotum rounded, yellowish brown with central macula metallic blue, elytral striae with deep punctuation and arranged in eight longitudinal rows; yellowish brown regions on the head, prothorax and legs; head with two small oval black maculae, posterior to the eyes in vertex region.

NOTE ON OVERWINTERING OF POLYNEMA PRATENSIPHAGUM (WALLEY) (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Al-Ghamdi ◽  
R.K. Stewart ◽  
G. Boivin
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Egg Parasitoids ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Verbascum Thapsus ◽  
Anaphes Iole ◽  
Common Mullein

Polynema pratensiphagum (Walley) is an endoparasitoid of mind eggs (CIBC 1979). Walley (1929) found this species fully developed within the eggs of Lygus pratensis L. deposited in common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L., in Ontario. It has been reported from southwestern Quebec as one of the main egg parasitoids of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Sohati et al. 1989). Andrew et al. (1992) have used another mymarid, Anaphes iole Girault, as a biological control agent against Lygus eggs in California strawberry. Little is known of the overwintering behaviour of mymarids because they are very small and difficult to find. No evidence exists in the literature of mymarids overwintering as adults, and we assume that mymarids overwinter as the last larval instar, or prepupa, in host eggs.

Interactions betweenBactra verutanaand the Development of Purple Nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus)Grown Under Three Temperature Regimes

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Frick ◽  
R. D. Williams ◽  
R. F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Temperature Regimes

For effective biological control through augmentation,Bactra verutanaZeller, would have to be released against purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.) in May and June when temperatures are cooler than they are from late July through September when maximal natural populations of this biological control agent occur.Bactralarvae exposed to simulated mid-May (24/13 C) and mid-June (29/18 C) temperature regimes developed more slowly than larvae exposed to the mid-July (32/26 C) temperature regime, but nutsedge plant growth was also slower. Thus, the relative amounts of feeding injury were similar at all three regimes. Larval feeding generally increased the number of shoots slightly, but not significantly, reduced significantly the production of inflorescences, and reduced the weight of total dry matter produced between 28 and 49%.

scholarly journals Description of four new species of Eadya (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), parasitoids of the Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle (Paropsis charybdis) and other Eucalyptus defoliating leaf beetles

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 141-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Ridenbaugh ◽  
Erin Barbeau ◽  
Barbara J. Sharanowski
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
New Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Economic Resource ◽  
Leaf Beetles

EucalyptusL’Héritier, 1789 (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) plantations are a global economic resource with a wide array of uses. As this forestry crop grows in popularity around the world, the exotic introduction of pests such as the leaf beetles belonging to the generaParopsisOliver, 1807 andParopsisternaMotschulsky, 1860 increases in frequency. These pest introductions have spurred a need to understand the natural enemies of these pests for use in classical biological control programs. One such enemy,EadyaparopsidisHuddleston & Short, 1978 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), has shown potential as a biological control agent againstParopsischarybdis, an exotic pest of New ZealandEucalyptusplantations. However, observations made by biocontrol researchers have raised concerns thatE.paropsidisis a complex of cryptic species. A comprehensive large-scale phylogenetic study utilizing both host and molecular data (Peixoto et al. 2018), as well as a morphological multivariate ratio analysis, was utilized to ensure accurate delimitation of the species ofEadya. Here we formally describe the three new species (EadyaannleckieaeRidenbaugh, 2018,sp. n.,EadyadaenerysRidenbaugh, 2018,sp. n.,EadyaspitzerRidenbaugh, 2018,sp. n.), and one additional new species discovered in the Australian National Insect Collection (EadyaduncanRidenbaugh, 2018,sp. n.). All distributions and host associations forEadyaare listed as well as a redescription of the originally describedE.paropsidisandE.falcata. An illustrated key to all known species is included to assist biological control researchers. The value of citizen science observations is discussed, along with the need for a further understanding of mainlandEadyapopulations given the recent spread of paropsine pests. Finally, we discuss the subfamilial placement ofEadya, and suggest it belongs within Euphorinae based on morphological characters.

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