scholarly journals A Rapidly-Incremented Tethered-Swimming Test for Defining Domain-Specific Training Zones

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Dalton M. Pessôa Filho ◽  
Leandro O.C. Siqueira ◽  
Astor R. Simionato ◽  
Mário A.C. Espada ◽  
Daniel S. Pestana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Swimming Test ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether a tethered-swimming incremental test comprising small increases in resistive force applied every 60 seconds could delineate the isocapnic region during rapidly-incremented exercise. Sixteen competitive swimmers (male, n = 11; female, n = 5) performed: (a) a test to determine highest force during 30 seconds of all-out tethered swimming (Favg) and the ΔF, which represented the difference between Favg and the force required to maintain body alignment (Fbase), and (b) an incremental test beginning with 60 seconds of tethered swimming against a load that exceeded Fbase by 30% of ΔF followed by increments of 5% of ΔF every 60 seconds. This incremental test was continued until the limit of tolerance with pulmonary gas exchange (rates of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production) and ventilatory (rate of minute ventilation) data collected breath by breath. These data were subsequently analyzed to determine whether two breakpoints defining the isocapnic region (i.e., gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point) were present. We also determined the peak rate of O2 uptake and exercise economy during the incremental test. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point were observed for each test such that the associated metabolic rates, which bound the heavy-intensity domain during constant-work-rate exercise, could be determined. Significant correlations (Spearman’s) were observed for exercise economy along with (a) peak rate of oxygen uptake (ρ = .562; p < 0.025), and (b) metabolic rate at gas exchange threshold (ρ = −.759; p < 0.005). A rapidly-incremented tethered-swimming test allows for determination of the metabolic rates that define zones for domain-specific constant-work-rate training.

Gas Exchange Responses to Constant Work-Rate Exercise in Patients with Glycogenosis Type V and VII

2004 ◽  
Vol 169 (11) ◽  
pp. 1238-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hean-Yee Ong ◽  
Conor S. O'Dochartaigh ◽  
Sharon Lovell ◽  
Victor H. Patterson ◽  
Karlman Wasserman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Glycogenosis Type ◽  
Type V

Validation of a Maximal Incremental Skating Test Performed on a Slide Board: Comparison With Treadmill Skating

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiane Piucco ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Rogério Soares ◽  
Juan M. Murias ◽  
Guillaume Y. Millet
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Criterion Validity ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

Purpose: To investigate the criterion validity of a maximal incremental skating test performed on a slide board (SB). Methods: Twelve subelite speed skaters performed a maximal skating test on a treadmill and on a SB. Gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximal variables were determined. Results: Oxygen uptake () (31.0 ± 3.2 and 31.4 ± 4.1 mL·min−1·kg−1), percentage of maximal () (66.3 ± 4 and 67.7 ± 7.1%), HR (153 ± 14 and 150 ±12 bpm), and ventilation (59.8 ± 11.8 and 57.0 ± 10.7 L·min−1) at GET, and (42.5 ± 4.4 and 42.9 ± 4.8 mL·min−1·kg−1), percentage of (91.1 ± 3.3 and 92.4 ± 2.1%), heart rate (HR) (178 ± 9 and 178 ± 6 bpm), and ventilation (96.5 ± 19.2 and 92.1 ± 12.7 L·min−1) at RCP were not different between skating on a treadmill and on a SB. (46.7 ± 4.4 vs 46.4 ±6.1 mL·min−1·kg−1) and maximal HR (195 ± 6 vs 196 ± 10 bpm) were not significantly different and correlated (r = .80 and r = .87, respectively; P < .05) between the treadmill and SB. at GET, RCP, and obtained on a SB were correlated (r > .8) with athletes’ best times on 1500 m. Conclusions: The incremental skating test on a SB was capable to distinguish maximal ( and HR) and submaximal (, % , HR, and ventilation) parameters known to determine endurance performance. Therefore, the SB test can be considered as a specific and practical alternative to evaluate speed skaters.

scholarly journals Gas exchange responses to constant work rate exercise in chronic cardiac failure.

Heart ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Riley ◽  
J Porszasz ◽  
C F Stanford ◽  
D P Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Cardiac Failure ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Chronic Cardiac Failure ◽  
Constant Work Rate

Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake V̇o2max: V̇o2peak is no longer acceptable

2017 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Poole ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Oxidative Function

The maximum rate of O2 uptake (i.e., V̇o2max), as measured during large muscle mass exercise such as cycling or running, is widely considered to be the gold standard measurement of integrated cardiopulmonary-muscle oxidative function. The development of rapid-response gas analyzers, enabling measurement of breath-by-breath pulmonary gas exchange, has facilitated replacement of the discontinuous progressive maximal exercise test (that produced an unambiguous V̇o2-work rate plateau definitive for V̇o2max) with the rapidly incremented or ramp testing protocol. Although this is more suitable for clinical and experimental investigations and enables measurement of the gas exchange threshold, exercise efficiency, and V̇o2 kinetics, a V̇o2-work rate plateau is not an obligatory outcome. This shortcoming has led to investigators resorting to so-called secondary criteria such as respiratory exchange ratio, maximal heart rate, and/or maximal blood lactate concentration, the acceptable values of which may be selected arbitrarily and result in grossly inaccurate V̇o2max estimation. Whereas this may not be an overriding concern in young, healthy subjects with experience of performing exercise to volitional exhaustion, exercise test naïve subjects, patient populations, and less motivated subjects may stop exercising before their V̇o2max is reached. When V̇o2max is a or the criterion outcome of the investigation, this represents a major experimental design issue. This CORP presents the rationale for incorporation of a second, constant work rate test performed at ~110% of the work rate achieved on the initial ramp test to resolve the classic V̇o2-work rate plateau that is the unambiguous validation of V̇o2max. The broad utility of this procedure has been established for children, adults of varying fitness, obese individuals, and patient populations.

L-Glutamine Therapy Improves Minute Ventilation of Sickle Cell Anemia Patients.

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 3783-3783
Author(s):  
Henry R. Macan ◽  
Janos Porszasz ◽  
Hideki Tsurugaya ◽  
Rafael L. Razon ◽  
Han Koh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Anemia ◽  
Oxygen Delivery ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Rate Test ◽  
Exercise Endurance

Abstract We have demonstrated previously that oral L-glutamine administration can improve NAD redox potential in sickle red blood cells (RBC) and decrease the endothelial adhesion rate of sickle RBC. Additionally, preliminary results showed that L-glutamine therapy improved the exercise endurance of sickle cell anemia patients. Following up on this study, minute ventilation and work rate were evaluated. After proper consent, 6 homozygous sickle cell anemia volunteers participated in this two-part study. The first part was incremental work rate testing where the work rate was increased incrementally. The second part was the constant work rate test, in which 80% of the maximum work rate of the incremental test was utilized. Patients were observed for changes in ventilation. These tests were conducted at baseline and after 8 to 12 weeks of therapy with oral L-glutamine at 30 grams a day. There were 6 patients who completed the incremental work rate test and 4 patients who completed the constant work rate test, respectively, at baseline and after treatment. Two of the patients withdrew prior to the completion of the follow-up testing. The results were as follows: On the incremental test, there was an upward trend in peak work rate with an average of 3.5 ± 8.7 watts/min (88.7 ± 25.6 vs. 91.5 ± 21.7; ρ&gt; 0.05). Minute ventilation (VE) showed an average improvement of −4.8 ± 3.9 liters/min (61.2 ± 9.8 vs. 56.4 ± 9.9; ρ value of 0.05). The improved ventilation may be secondary to increased pulmonary blood flow inferring an increased cardiovascular oxygen delivery. On the constant work rate test, there was significant increase in exercise duration with an average of 1.4 ± 0.8 minutes (5.9 ± 1.6 vs. 7.3 ± 1.1; ρ&lt; 0.05). The minute ventilation (VE) showed an average decrease of −11.0 ± 11.6 liters/min (66.5 ± 24.9 vs. 55.5 ± 14.5; ρ&gt; 0.05). This could be indicative of improved oxygen delivery to the exercising musculature despite the absence of a preparatory exercise training program. The data confirm our preliminary report suggesting that L-glutamine therapy improves the exercise endurance of sickle cell anemia patients. Test Mean + SD ρ value Pre Post Paired Δ (two-tailed t-test) Incremental Work Rate Peak Work Rate (watts/min) 88.7 ± 25.6 91.5 ± 21.7 3.5 ± 8.7 0.37 VE (liters/minute) 61.2 ± 9.8 56.4 ± 9.9 −c4.8 ± 3.9 0.05 Constant Work Rate −Duration (minutes) 5.9 ± 1.6 7.3 ± 1.1 1.4 ± 0.8 0.04 −VE (liters/minute) 66.5 ± 24.9 55.5 ± 14.5 −11.0 ± 11.6 0.15

scholarly journals Control of ventilation during exercise in patients with central venous-to-systemic arterial shunts

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Sietsema ◽  
D. M. Cooper ◽  
J. K. Perloff ◽  
J. S. Child ◽  
M. H. Rosove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Arterial Circulation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
End Tidal

The diversion of systemic venous blood into the arterial circulation in patients with intracardiac right-to-left shunts represents a pathophysiological condition in which there are alterations in some of the potential stimuli for the exercise hyperpnea. We therefore studied 18 adult patients with congenital (16) or noncongenital (2) right-to-left shunts and a group of normal control subjects during constant work rate and progressive work rate exercise to assess the effects of these alterations on the dynamics of exercise ventilation and gas exchange. Minute ventilation (VE) was significantly higher in the patients than in the controls, both at rest (10.7 +/- 2.4 vs. 7.5 +/- 1.2 l/min, respectively) and during constant-load exercise (24.9 +/- 4.8 vs. 12.7 +/- 2.61 l/min, respectively). When beginning constant work rate exercise from rest, the ventilatory response of the patients followed a pattern that was distinct from that of the normal subjects. At the onset of exercise, the patients' end-tidal PCO2 decreased, end-tidal PO2 increased, and gas exchange ratio increased, indicating that pulmonary blood was hyperventilated relative to the resting state. However, arterial blood gases, in six patients in which they were measured, revealed that despite the large VE response to exercise, arterial pH and PCO2 were not significantly different from resting values when sampled during the first 2 min of moderate-intensity exercise. Arterial PCO2 changed by an average of only 1.4 Torr after 4.5-6 min of exercise. Thus the exercise-induced alveolar and pulmonary capillary hypocapnia was of an appropriate degree to compensate for the shunting of CO2-rich venous blood into the systemic arterial circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Estimated times to exhaustion and power outputs at the gas exchange threshold, physical working capacity at the rating of perceived exertion threshold, and respiratory compensation point

2012 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley C. Bergstrom ◽  
Terry J. Housh ◽  
Jorge M. Zuniga ◽  
Clayton L. Camic ◽  
Daniel A. Traylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Compensation Point ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physical Working Capacity ◽  
Working Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Compensation Point ◽  
Respiratory Compensation ◽  
Power Outputs ◽  
Gas Exchange Threshold

The purposes of this study were to compare the power outputs and estimated times to exhaustion (Tlim) at the gas exchange threshold (GET), physical working capacity at the rating of perceived exertion threshold (PWCRPE), and respiratory compensation point (RCP). Three male and 5 female subjects (mean ± SD: age, 22.4 ± 2.8 years) performed an incremental test to exhaustion on an electronically braked cycle ergometer to determine peak oxygen consumption rate, GET, and RCP. The PWCRPE was determined from ratings of perceived exertion data recorded during 3 continuous workbouts to exhaustion. The estimated Tlim values for each subject at GET, PWCRPE, and RCP were determined from power curve analyses (Tlim = axb). The results indicated that the PWCRPE (176 ± 55 W) was not significantly different from RCP (181 ± 54 W); however, GET (155 ± 42 W) was significantly less than PWCRPE and RCP. The estimated Tlim for the GET (26.1 ± 9.8 min) was significantly greater than PWCRPE (14.6 ± 5.6 min) and RCP (11.2 ± 3.1 min). The PWCRPE occurred at a mean power output that was 13.5% greater than the GET and, therefore, it is likely that the perception of effort is not driven by the same mechanism that underlies the GET (i.e., lactate buffering). Furthermore, the PWCRPE and RCP were not significantly different and, therefore, these thresholds may be associated with the same mechanisms of fatigue, such as increased levels of interstitial and (or) arterial [K+].

Muscle fiber recruitment and the slow component of O2 uptake: constant work rate vs. all-out sprint exercise

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (3) ◽  
pp. R700-R707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
David C. Poole ◽  
Fred J. DiMenna ◽  
Stephen J. Bailey ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Slow Component ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Incremental Test ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Integrated Emg

The slow component of pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇o2) during constant work rate (CWR) high-intensity exercise has been attributed to the progressive recruitment of (type II) muscle fibers. We tested the following hypotheses: 1) the V̇o2 slow component gain would be greater in a 3-min all-out cycle test than in a work-matched CWR test, and 2) the all-out test would be associated with a progressive decline, and the CWR test with a progressive increase, in muscle activation, as estimated from the electromyogram (EMG) of the vastus lateralis muscle. Eight men (aged 21–39 yr) completed a ramp incremental test, a 3-min all-out test, and a work- and time-matched CWR test to exhaustion. The maximum V̇o2 attained in an initial ramp incremental test (3.97 ± 0.83 l/min) was reached in both experimental tests (3.99 ± 0.84 and 4.03 ± 0.76 l/min for all-out and CWR, respectively). The V̇o2 slow component was greater ( P < 0.05) in the all-out test (1.21 ± 0.31 l/min, 4.2 ± 2.2 ml·min−1·W−1) than in the CWR test (0.59 ± 0.22 l/min, 1.70 ± 0.5 ml·min−1·W−1). The integrated EMG declined by 26% ( P < 0.001) during the all-out test and increased by 60% ( P < 0.05) during the CWR test from the first 30 s to the last 30 s of exercise. The considerable reduction in muscle efficiency in the all-out test in the face of a progressively falling integrated EMG indicates that progressive fiber recruitment is not requisite for development of the V̇o2 slow component during voluntary exercise in humans.

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