scholarly journals Benefit-cost analysis of accelerated replacement of Hong Kong’s pre-Euro IV buses

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-360
Author(s):  
Weiwen Leung
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The City

Hong Kong’s franchised buses contribute significantly to its high pollution levels, which in turn result in excess mortality and hospitalizations. I show that replacing all of Hong Kong’s pre-Euro IV buses with cleaner Euro V buses would save 1260 statistical lives, among other benefits. The expected net benefit of such a project is HK$26.4 billion under a discount rate of 3.5%. This result is robust to a discount rate of 10% and a mortality decrease of half of what is expected. This is one of the first studies to estimate the public health impact of air pollution from franchised buses in Hong Kong. The city can therefore consider conducting accelerated replacement of its franchised bus fleet. Given the strongly positive result, other Asian cities with ageing bus fleets could also conduct similar benefit-cost analyses.

scholarly journals Development of lake conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Renny Varghese
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Garden City ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
The Public ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
The City ◽  
Minor Irrigation

The city of Bengaluru, once known as the Garden City of India and the City of Lakes, has now transformed into the Silicon Valley of India. This transformation has happened over the last few decades and has caused major changes to the City’s landscape. One if the important issues the city faces today is the scarcity of water. Researchers owe this issue to the depletion of lakes due to high pollution levels, encroachment and dumping of solid waste in the lakes. The neighborhood Bannerghutta is located in the Southern part of Bangalore Metropolitan Region, which is in developing stages and handful of lakes are found and comes under Minor Irrigation Department. The project focusses on Safeguarding the lake and transforming buffers into public recreational areas with functional strips of riparian vegetation. Safeguarding of lake ensures the habited of that area is preserved and protected. The transformation of lake buffer zones into public recreational spaces ensures the area to be free of any buildings that might otherwise be built on this land. Also, bringing in the public into the space would allow increased public involvement in the lakes campaign and would ensure better maintenance of the functional parts of the lake. A recreational space is perceived as a destination and would add value to the place. Keywords: Safeguarding the lake, developing stages and handful of lakes

scholarly journals Appropriate Discounting for Benefit-Cost Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Burgess ◽  
Richard O. Zerbe
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Benefit Cost

In order to be sensible about what discount rate to use one must be clear about its purpose. We suggest that its purpose is to help select those projects that will contribute more net benefits than some other discount rate. This approach, which is after all the foundation for benefit-cost analysis, helps to reconcile different suggested procedures for determining the discount rate. We suggest that the social opportunity cost of capital (SOC) is superior to other suggested approaches in its generality and its ease of use. We use the SOC to determine a range of real rates that vary between 6% and 8%. We suggest that approaches based on determination of preferences, which result in hyperbolic discounting, are less appropriate and less useful.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Environmental Aspects of an Electric Bus Fleet Under Service

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Ovidiu Varga ◽  
Florin Mariasiu ◽  
Cristian Daniel Miclea ◽  
Ioan Szabo ◽  
Anamaria Andreea Sirca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Diesel Buses ◽  
The City ◽  
Harmful Effects

The reduction of pollutant emissions in the field of transportation can be achieved by developing and implementing electric propulsion technologies across a wider range of transportation types. This solution is seen as the only one that can offer, in areas of urban agglomeration, a reduction of the emissions caused by the urban transport to zero, as well as an increase in the degree of the health of the citizens. This paper presents an analysis of the direct and indirect environmental aspects of a fleet of real electric buses under service in the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The solution of using 41 electric buses to replace Euro-3 diesel buses (with high pollution levels) in the city’s transport system eliminates a local amount of 668.45 tons of CO2 and 6.41 tons of NOx—pollutant emissions directly associated with harmful effects on human health—annually.

ANALISIS USAHA PENGOLAHAN AMPLANG IKAN PIPIH (Notopterus chilata) SKALA RUMAH TANGGA DI KOTA PALANGKA RAYA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Saptami Utami Evi ◽  
Emmy Sri Mahreda ◽  
Tri Dekayanti
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Benefit Cost Ratio ◽  
Flat Fish ◽  
The Government ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The City

Usaha pengolahan amplang ikan  pipih di Kota Palangka Raya untuk pengembangan usaha kedepan sangat baik.  Dengan adanya dukungan tersedianya terus menerus bahan baku ikan pipih, baik dari tangkapan perairan, tangkapan alam, maupun usaha budidaya ikan pipih dan modal yang dikucurkan oleh pemerintah baik berupa peralatan usaha maupun pelatihan-pelatihan bagi para pengusaha untuk dapat terus berkembang.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Palangka Raya Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder.Metode yang digunakan dalam pengolahan dan analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah purposive sampling Amplang datar ikan pengolahan rumah tangga bisnis keuntungan sebesar Rp. 12.169 juta, - per tahun. Dari lapangan menunjukkan fakta bahwa bisnis ini tetap menguntungkan dengan kelangsungan hidup dalam waktu yang lamaBerdasarkan nilai analisis keuangan dengan menggunakan kriteria investasi Net Benefit Cost Ratio ( Net BCR ) 5 % = 3,032073039 dan B / C ratio Bersih 13,5% = 1,526361382 lebih besar dari 1 berarti bahwa usaha ini layak untuk dilanjutkan .Khusus untuk datar usaha pengolahan ikan amplang ( Notopterus chilata ) rumah tangga di kota Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah Provinsi amplang permintaan produk ikan dengan menawarkan flat atau D = S yang sama , berarti ampalng produksi ikan untuk memenuhi pasar datar.Flat fish processing business amplang household in the city of Palangka Raya for future business development very well with the support of continuous availability of raw materials and capital flat fish are disbursed by the government in cash, business equipment and training for entrepreneurs to be able to continue developed. The research was conducted in the City of Palangka Raya Central Kalimantan Province. The data used were primary and secondary data. The method used in processing and analyzing data in this study was purposive sampling.Amplang flat fish processing business households profit of Rp. 12,169 million, - per year. From the field indicate the fact that this business remains favorable with survival in a long time.Based on the value of financial analysis using the criteria of investment Net Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR Net) 5% = 3.032073039 and Net B / C ratio of 13.5% = 1.526361382 is greater than 1 means that the business is feasible to proceed.Especially for flat fish processing business amplang (Notopterus chilata) household in the city of Palangka Raya Central Kalimantan Province amplang demand for fish products by offering the same flat or D = S; means ampalng fish production to meet market flat. 

An Analysis of the Private Returns From Three Land Development Options in the Southern Mallee of Nsw.

1999 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Patton ◽  
JD Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Land Development ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Extensive Grazing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Western Division ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Benefits And Costs

In early 1993, the DLWC initiated a project to develop regional planning strategies for clearing and cultivation activities in the Southern Mallee and Northern Floodplain areas of the Western Division of NSW. Concentrating on the Southern Mallee region, a benefit-cost analysis of current clearing and cultivation proposals and their impact on the financial viability of the individual landholder has been conducted. While the development proposals all had the potential to return much higher levels of expected net income to farmers than the existing extensive grazing strategy, market and climatic uncertainty meant that the probability of the extensive grazing activity returning more than cropping was as high as 50% for some proposals. This means that farmers have to weigh up higher incomes on average from cropping against the more certain income from grazing. Clearly, this is a personal choice with the more risk averse decision makers favouring the extensive grazing option. However, we found that for levels of risk aversion that research suggests typifies Australian farmers, the development proposals were dominant over the extensive grazing option except where there was a higher proportion of land devoted to conservation at a discount rate of 12%. No attempt has been made in the present study to evaluate the public benefits and costs, in the form of changes in environmental resources, associated with such development proposals Key words: Western Division, conservation, clearing and cultivation, stochastic dominance, economics.

scholarly journals Retrospective and Prospective Benefit-Cost Analyses of U.S. Anti-Smoking Policies

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Jin ◽  
Don Kenkel ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Hua Wang
Keyword(s):  
Discount Rate ◽  
Consumer Surplus ◽  
Cigarette Consumption ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Societal Welfare ◽  
Consumer Benefits ◽  
Smoking Policies ◽  
Benefit Cost

Regulatory policies designed to improve societal welfare by “nudging” consumers to make better choices are increasingly popular. The application of benefit-cost analysis (BCA) to this sort of regulation confronts difficult theoretical and applied issues. In this analysis we contribute a worked example of behavioral BCA of U.S. anti-smoking policies. Our conceptual framework extends the standard market-based approach to BCA to allow for individual failures to make lifetime-utility-maximizing choices of cigarette consumption. We discuss how our market-based approach compares to the health benefits approach and the “consumer surplus offset” controversy in recent BCAs of several health-related regulations. We use a dynamic population model to make counterfactual simulations of smoking prevalence rates and cigarette demand over time. In our retrospective BCA the simulation results imply that the overall impact of anti-smoking policies from 1964 to 2010 is to reduce the total cigarette consumption by 28%. At a discount rate of 3% the 1964–present value of the consumer benefits from anti-smoking policies through 2010 is estimated to be $573 billion ($2010). Although we are unable to develop a hard estimate of the policies’ costs, we discuss evidence that suggests the consumer benefits substantially outweigh the costs. We then turn to a prospective BCA of future anti-smoking Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations. At a discount rate of 3%, the 2010–present value of the consumer benefits 30 years into the future from a simulated FDA tobacco regulation is estimated to be $100 billion. However, the nature of potential FDA tobacco regulations suggests that they might impose additional costs on consumers that make it less clear that the net benefits of the regulations will be positive.

The Efficiency Potential in Social Programs: Accounting for Heterogeneity in Benefit-Cost Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolai Kristensen ◽  
Christophe Kolodziejczyk ◽  
Iben Bolvig ◽  
Kurt Houlberg
Keyword(s):  
Full Potential ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Traditionally, benefit-cost analyses focus on average benefits and average costs. However, heterogeneous treatment effects and/or costs are most often present, which means that there is an efficiency potential hidden in the implementation of public programs, if policies can be targeted at those who, net of costs, benefit the most. We introduce efficiency potential defined as the ratio between the net benefit achieved under perfect selection of the individuals with significant positive net benefit of program participation, and the actually realized benefits net of costs. Using data from a randomized control-trial experiment of a Danish return-to-work program combined with rich administrative records and survey data, we find that there is indeed a potential for increased efficiency. Results from the treatment literature indicate that, generally, it may be difficult to harvest the full potential. Our application corroborates this finding.

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