A cross-linguistic study of expletive negation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Jin ◽  
Jean-Pierre Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
Semantic Account ◽  
The World

AbstractThis paper provides a typological overview of expletive negation based on a survey of 722 languages, focusing in detail on a smaller sample of five languages. Expletive negation (EN) has been discussed extensively within Romance linguistics. This paper surveys its occurrence across languages of the world and offers a comprehensive list of EN-triggering contexts collected from French and Mandarin, comparing that list with EN triggers in Januubi, English, and Zarma-Sonrai. The paper proposes a language production and semantic account of the similarity of EN-triggering contexts found in these five languages. We propose that the meaning of EN triggers entails or strongly implies ¬p and that the activation of ¬p alongside p is what leads speakers to produce EN. Four semantic licensing conditions for EN triggers are identified and each EN-triggering context is semantically analyzed.

scholarly journals A global register of competences for threatened species recovery practitioners: a comprehensive list of skills, knowledge and personal attributes required by practitioners working within threatened species recovery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barney Long ◽  
Richard P. Young
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Personal Attributes ◽  
Species Recovery ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
The World

Competence frameworks are widely used in many professional sectors, helping to develop capacity by defining and recognising the required skills, knowledge and personal attributes. Registers of competences have been developed within the conservation sector. A global register of competences for threatened species recovery practitioners is a register of competences in the form of a directory of the possible skills, knowledge and personal attributes required by practitioners working in threatened species recovery programmes around the world, in both in-situ and ex-situ contexts. This register has the potential to transform approaches to capacity development within threatened species recovery and help improve the effectiveness of this branch of conservation. Its structure largely follows that of A global register of competences for protected area practitioners (Appleton, 2016).

scholarly journals Particles Ka(h) of Indonesian and Japanese: Cross Linguistic Study

IZUMI ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Maharani Patria Ratna
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Distribution Characteristic ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Free Distribution ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Japanese Linguistics ◽  
Indefinite Pronoun

Some languages in the world have particles with their respective functions. One of them is Ka(h) particle which is used both in Indonesian and Japanese. Both are equally used as markers of the question sentence. In Indonesian the ka(h) particle is pronounced "Kah" while in Japanese it is pronounced "Ka.” The purpose of this study is to identify what are the similarities and differences in the use of Ka(h) particles in Indonesian and Japanese. the data is taken by a literature study in Indonesian linguistics and Japanese linguistics. These similarities and differences will be studied through aspects of characteristics, function, location, and intonation. Both particles are enclitic and arbitrary, but only Kah particle has a free distribution characteristic. On the function of point of view, both particles are question marker, but only The Ka particle functioned as a choice marker and indefinite pronoun. The results of this study indicate that in Indonesian the use of Kah particles is always pronounced with rising intonation, whereas in Japanese the "ka" particle can be pronounced with rising or falling intonation. Also both particles can be located in the middle and at the end of the sentence. 

Semantic Extension in the Colour Lexicon

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsuko Kikuchi ◽  
František Lichtenberk
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Semantic Extension ◽  
The World ◽  
Universal Order ◽  
Colour Terms

A cross-linguistic study of the figurative use of colour terms reveals the existence of both language-idiosyncratic developments and general tendencies. It is argued that both types of development are ultimately grounded in the experience of the world by the speakers of the languages. Furthermore, the findings contradict the claim that there exists a universal order in the development of the figurative use of colour terms.

Diversity of information sources: An evaluation of global think tanks knowledge construct

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Ayub Jan
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
The World ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn the realm of policy making, place and prestige of think tanks is acknowledged for their contribution in policy analysis and recommendations. Governments around the world consider the reports and recommendations of leading global think tanks when developing their policies. However, in spite of there being a comprehensive list of typologies and functions of think tanks, much less is known about these ‘machineries of knowledge’ and what enables them ‘to know what they know, and the key sources of variation among them’. Drawing on the theory of epistemic knowledge, this study aims to provide insights about how knowledge is produced inside these machineries of knowledge by looking at source citations’ pattern of reports produced by the top 50 global think tanks. For this purpose, a total of 365 research reports on one country, i.e. Pakistan, published between 2007 and 2016 were retrieved. A total of 17,801 references were extracted and analyzed. The study finds that there is great variation across think tanks in the use of diverse information sources and the use also varies considerably over time even for the same organization.

scholarly journals An annotated checklist of the Syncarida (Crustacea, Malacostraca) of the world

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1374 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA I. CAMACHO
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Type ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
Annotated List ◽  
The World ◽  
Annotated Checklist ◽  
World Distribution

An annotated list of the 256 species and subspecies of Syncarida known to occur in the world is presented, including synonymies, information on habitat type (caves, springs, wells, etc.), type locality, other localities where the taxa have been found, and an abbreviated reference to the original description and other important taxonomic references when available. Critical remarks about the validity of some taxa are included. A summary of genera and species known per continent and a map of the world distribution of genera is presented. The work includes a comprehensive list of syncarid literature.

A Cognitive Approach to the Metaphor Translation of Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Wenhui Yang ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Baoyu Fu
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Cognitive Integration ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Integration System ◽  
Translation Practice ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The World

Metaphors are ubiquitous as they are a way for people to understand the world, and are usually translated by the strategy of either domestication or foreignization. The translators conducted a translation practice of “Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life” by applying a cognitive integration system to analyze the metaphorical devices of SKIN, GAME, SKIN IN THE GAME, and how their integration processes affected the translators’ decisions on the target versions in different contexts with various linguistic choices. The translating practice proves that, in different contexts, with different life experience and existed knowledge, the translators might present different degrees of autonomy and ways-of-seeing the world in the source text and linguistic preferences in the translation. Many selected linguistic choices applied in translation practice are intentional in nature and are a part of translators’ cognitive world, which are compositionally active with their knowledge background and extensional, referential and personal experiences. This finding provides an empirically-grounded analysis of cognitive integration in translation practice, attempting at bridging the gap between research in discouses analysis, conceptual structure, and language production in translation. 

The microorganisms of cryoconite holes (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista): a review

Polar Record ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kaczmarek ◽  
Natalia Jakubowska ◽  
Sofia Celewicz-Gołdyn ◽  
Krzysztof Zawierucha
Keyword(s):  
Species Level ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Freshwater Habitat ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
The World

ABSTRACTWe provide a comprehensive list of microorganisms (algae, Archaea, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and Protista) inhabiting cryoconite holes on glaciers throughout the world, giving an updated taxonomy accompanied by geographic coordinates and localities. The list consists of 370 taxa reported from cryoconite holes (mostly from Arctic and Antarctic regions and European Alps). However, most of the taxa were not identified to the species level. Until now only 39 identified species or subspecies of bacteria and Archaea, 11 fungi, 17 cyanobacteria, 62 algae, and 13 Protista are known from cryoconite holes, which are only about 38% of total number of taxa reported from these ephemeral environments. Almost 62% of the taxa were marked ascf.(confer) or were identified only to the genera or even to the higher taxonomic units (such as families or orders). This wide and detailed review assists other scientists to identify the gaps in our knowledge about cryobionts and indicates directions for further zoogeographical and taxonomical studies in this unique freshwater habitat.

A translatological and forensic-linguistic study of the English translation of the German Civil Code

Babel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Civil Codes ◽  
Linguistic Content

Abstract Since its promulgation in 1896, the German Civil Code, one of the most influential civil codes in the world, has been translated into English several times. Thanks to the Code’s jurisprudential quality, both its English translation and the translating process are of high value and offer various starting points for profound research. However, so far, there have been hardly any substantial studies of the Code’s English translation, neither from the comparative legal or forensic linguistic perspective nor from other angles. This paper attempts to make a substantive, interdisciplinary – i.e., forensic linguistic – content-related, and jurisprudential study of the Code’s English translation to address this research lacuna. To that end, it focuses on two aspects of the statute law’s provisions, i.e., respectively from the lexical and syntactic perspective.

Speech, music and dehumanisation in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four: a linguistic study of metaphors

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie ◽  
Simon Vandenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Physical Force ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
The World ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
Central Meaning ◽  
The Way

This article examines the way in which metaphorical expressions referring to speech and music in George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four contribute to the elaboration of the theme of dehumanisation. The term ‘metaphor’ is used in a broad sense to refer to various types of transfer of meaning, thus including metonymy and synecdoche as well as metaphor, strictly speaking. Further, the viewpoint is that metaphor is the result of grammatical as well as lexical choices, and is therefore to be dealt with on the lexicogrammatical level. The following conclusions can be drawn from the data examined in the article. First, a linguistic analysis of clause types shows that Orwell makes very consistent selections from the grammar to express the central meaning. Second, it appears that metaphors have been drawn from a relatively small number of recurrent donor domains. These are the domains of animals, physical force and liquids. Although superficially unrelated, they are united in the more abstract domain of ‘control’ and play their roles in creating the picture of a world in which individual consciousness and liberty have no place. Third, the article shows that conventional and creative metaphors harmoniously co-operate in establishing the meaning of dehumanisation as a characteristic of the world depicted in the book.

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