Table Grapes: There Is More to Vitiviniculture than Wine…

Table grapes are fruits intended for fresh human consumption due to their sensory attributes and nutritional value. The objective of this chapter is to review the existing knowledge about table grapes, including a description of different varieties, with particular emphasis on the new highly appreciated seedless varieties. Following an introductory note on the world distribution and production of table grapes, also considering the impact of climate change, selected varieties of table grapes will be characterized in terms of their physiology, postharvest features, and consumer preferences. A morphological description of each variety, with emphasis on grape skin, grape rachis and grape cluster will be included. A final note on the drying of table grapes into raisins, and the most appropriate varieties for drying, will be given. The major changes occurring throughout the growth, development, and ripening phases of table grapes production will be discussed, regarding both physical (skin color and skin and pulp texture) and chemical (phenolic compounds, sugar content and acidity) parameters, as well as growth regulators.

Jalur Sutra Kesehatan: Upaya China Mencapai Kepentingan Geopolitik Melalui Diplomasi Vaksin

In early April 2021, China had contributed a vital role in the Covid-19 vaccine export. With the national pharmaceutical company Sinovac and Sinopharm China capable of producing over 250 million doses of vaccine, 118 million have been successfully exported to 49 countries according to Airfinity. The world distribution of the covid-19 vaccine has been deemed a failure by the WHO, from 448 million global doses only 0.1 percent of the vaccine were administered to low-income countries, and rich countries which hold 16 percent of the world's population receiving nearly half a global dose. China is able to answer the world's frustration with the western nationalism vaccine issue, as the EU and USA failed to help low-income countries to provide vaccine access. The nationalism vaccine discourages equality, as 200 million doses of vaccine produced by the United States government had approximately exported only about 4 million doses to other countries. This paper will answer how China gains global geopolitics through vaccine diplomacy? What is the role of diplomacy in promoting China's influence? Currently China focuses on expanding its influence over Asia and South America through vaccine diplomacy, under the BRI initiative this policy is then called the Health Silk Road. Keywords: Health Silk Road, Vaccine Diplomacy, Sinovac, Sinopharm

New European Discovery of Splachnum pensylvanicum (Bryophyta, Splachnaceae) in Lithuania, with Taxonomic Notes and a Review of Its World Distribution

Splachnum pensylvanicum (Brid.) Grout ex H.A.Crum is recorded for the first time in Lithuania and it is its fourth discovery at a third locality in Europe. It was found for the first time in 2000 in Kamanos mire, the largest peatland complex in the northern part of this East Baltic country. Targeted investigations at this site in 2017 resulted in the discovery of 14 populations and it is apparently the largest and most abundant locality of the species in Europe. Splachnum pensylvanicum is briefly described and illustrated along with some taxonomic notes and a detailed description of its habitat requirements. The global geographical distribution of S. pensylvanicum is reviewed and mapped. It is a Euro-Eastern North American temperate species and deeply penetrates into the Neotropics at montane stations in Venezuela and SE Brazil in South America.

Summary Overview of the Four Case Studies

This chapter presents a brief comparative summary overview of the four cases.In Switzerland, most conservative Catholics escaped modernisation and centralism by relocating to the mountains, while Liberals and Protestants mostly remained in flat areas that became industrialised (Obinger, 2009). The federal government has been mainly liberal (anti-clerical) and close to Protestantism. Likewise, the Protestant population was in the majority until the 1970s. Currently, the Protestant cantons are the most competitive, while the mountainous Roman Catholic cantons are the least competitive.Uruguay exhibits the highest levels of social progress in Latin America (Sect. 10.1007/978-3-030-78498-0_4#Sec2) as well as high safety. Along with Chile, it is the only country in Latin America with low perceptions of corruption. Further, Uruguay is by far Latin America’s most secular country with the lowest religiosity and lowest proportion of Roman Catholics on the continent. The Roman Catholic Church-State did not significantly establish itself in Uruguay, unlike in most Latin American countries. After gaining independence in 1828, Uruguay continued a secular direction with the recognition of civil unions in 1837. In 1917, the Uruguayan constitution completely separated church and state.Cuba ranks in the middle of world distribution on the transparency index. Compared to the cases studied (Europe and the Americas), the countries clustering with Cuba exhibit moderate to high corruption due to their Socialist Legal Origin.Colombia is one of the most inequitable and dangerous countries in the world. A “Catholic and conservative hegemony” has existed in Colombia until 1991, when the Constitution of Rights was promulgated and religious pluralism became legally recognised. However, as a result of centuries of hegemony, the Roman Catholic Church-State still enjoys ample privileges with the Colombian state.

Calogaya miniata comb. nov., Huneckia crocina comb. nov., and new neotropical records of Wetmoreana brouardii

New combinations Calogaya miniata and Huneckia crocina are proposed for species previously placed in Caloplaca s. lat., following the revised classification of Teloschistaceae. The taxonomy of Wetmoreana brouardii is discussed in relation to Caloplaca ochraceofulva, and its current world distribution is presented, including new records from Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Uruguay.

An analysis of the population of Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from animals in Poland, in the years 2015–2019

Fungi belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex (CNGSC) are pathogens causing severe infections in humans and animals, that for humans may result in a mortality rate ranging up to 70%. The CNGSC is divided into eight major molecular types, that may differ in their virulence and susceptibility. In order to fully understand the epidemiology of cryptococcosis, it is important to study the world distribution and population structure of these pathogens. The present study is the first presenting a population of strains isolated in Poland and one of the few using a multi-species animal group as a source of the specimen. The pathogen was present in 2.375% of the tested animals. The URA5-RFLP and MALDI-TOF MS analyses have revealed that the population consisted exclusively of C. neoformans strains, with a predominance of major molecular type VNIV (C. neoformans var. neoformans). The MALDI-TOF MS was used to perform the CNGSC strains identification on both the species and sub-species level. Despite the fact that the animals providing the specimens were not treated with 5-fluorocytosine, around 10% of the tested population presented MIC values exceeding 64 mg/L, indicating the existence of the 5-fluorocytosine-resistant strains in the environment.

Tourism Crises and Impacts on Destinations: A Systematic Review of the Tourism and Hospitality Literature

Tourism crises are important events affecting the development of destinations. However, the academic community lacks adequate knowledge from the accumulated literature on the classification attributes, spatial distribution, and impact structure of global tourism crises. This research analyzed 302 articles related to tourism crises from 1991 to 2020 drawn from the Social Sciences Citation Index database. Bibliometric and content analyses were conducted to identify the event types, regional distribution, impact structure, and synergistic factors of tourism crises. The results showed that the extant research on tourism crises has event-driven characteristics. The types of tourism crises are diverse and have multiple subcategories. The tourism crises featured in academic research are mainly events affecting Asia, Europe, and North America, reflecting their real-world distribution. The impacts of tourism crises on destinations are at three levels: macro, meso, and micro. Synergistic factors can enhance or weaken the degree of crisis impacts, which include positive, negative, and interactive factors. Research on tourism crises has substantial future scope and this investigation puts forward an agenda for this work.

Family Ormyridae Förster, 1856.

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Ormyridae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the ormyrid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the fauna of Iran (13 species) is similar in diversity to Turkey (12 species) and Russia (11 species), but more diverse than Kazakhstan (six species), Turkmenistan and United Arab Emirates (both with five species), Azerbaijan (three species), Afghanistan (two species) and Armenia, Iraq, Oman, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia (each with one species); no species have been recorded from Bahrain, Kuwait or Qatar. Russia and Turkey both share eight known species with Iran, followed by Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (each with three species) and Afghanistan, Armenia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (each with one species). A total of 44 species of Ormyridae from the Palaearctic region were recorded.

The evolution, domestication and world distribution of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

This chapter presents the rabbit within the evolutionary framework, including the systematics, its domestication and an overview of the genetic resources (breeds and lines) that have been developed after domestication.

Family Eupelmidae Walker, 1833.

This chapter provides a checklist for the family Eupelmidae. It provides information on species diversity, host records, distribution records by province in Iran, as well as world distribution. Comparison of the eupelmid fauna of Iran with adjacent countries indicates that the fauna of Iran (48 species) is most diverse, followed by Russia (28 species), Turkey (17 species), Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan (both with nine species), Azerbaijan and United Arab Emirates (both with five species), Afghanistan, Armenia and Pakistan (each with three species), Iraq (two species) and Oman and Saudi Arabia (both with one species); no species have been recorded from Bahrain, Kuwait or Qatar. Russia shares 14 known species with Iran, followed by Turkey (13 species), Kazakhstan (seven species), Armenia and Turkmenistan (both with three species), Azerbaijan (two species) and Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates (each with one species).