Adverbial clauses and V3

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (s3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Csipak
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
The Other ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Adverbial Clauses ◽  
Biscuit Conditionals

AbstractThis paper discusses word order effects in German adverbial clauses: often, the matrix clause can exhibit either V2 or V3 word order. I argue that adverbial clauses with V3 word order have an obligatory ‘biscuit’ interpretation and receive a speech act modifying interpretation, as has previously only been argued for ‘biscuit conditionals’. I show that this phenomenon holds more generally. On the other hand, a pragmatic analysis for V2 biscuit conditionals remains necessary.

Subordinate clauses

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-288
Author(s):  
Jan Terje Faarlund
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Infinitival Clauses ◽  
Finite Verb ◽  
Nominal Clauses

In subordinate clauses, the C position is occupied by a complementizer word, which may be null. The finite verb stays in V. SpecCP is either empty or occupied by a wh-word, or by some other element indicating its semantic function. Nominal clauses are finite or non-finite. Finite nominal clauses are declarative or interrogative. Declarative nominal clauses may under specific circumstances have main clause word order (‘embedded V2’). Infinitival clauses are marked by an infinitive marker, which is either in C (Swedish), or immediately above V (Danish). Norwegian has both options. Relative clauses comprise several different types; clauses with a relativized nominal argument are mostly introduced by a complementizer; adverbial relative clauses relativize a locative or temporal phrase, with or without a complementizer; comparative clauses relativize a degree or identity. Under hard-to-define circumstances depending on language and region, subordinate clauses allow extraction of phrases up into the matrix clause.

Foregrounding of subordinate clauses by word order: Psycholinguistic evidence of the function of V>Adv (V2) word order in Danish

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-273
Author(s):  
Marie Herget Christensen ◽  
Tanya Karoli Christensen ◽  
Torben Juel Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Clause Complex

AbstractIn modern Danish, main clauses have the word order X>Verb>Adverb (i. e., V2) whereas subordinate clauses are generally characterized by the “subordinate clause” word order Subject>Adverb>Verb. Spoken Danish has a high frequency of “main clause” word order in subordinate clauses, however, and in the article we argue that this “Main Clause Phenomena” (cf. Aelbrecht et  al. 2012) functions as a foregrounding device, signaling that the more important information of the clause complex is to be found in the subordinate clause instead of in its matrix clause.A prediction from the foregrounding hypothesis is that a subordinate clause with Verb>Adverb word order will attract more attention than a clause with Adverb>Verb word order. To test this, we conducted an experiment under the text change paradigm. 59 students each read 24 constructions twice, each containing a subordinate clause with either Verb>Adverb or Adverb>Verb word order. Half of the subordinate clauses were governed by a semifactive predicate (open to both word orders) and the other half by a semantically secondary sentence (in itself strongly favoring Verb>Adverb word order). Attention to the subordinate clause was tested by measuring how disinclined the participants were to notice change of a word in the subordinate clause when re-reading it.Results showed significantly more attention to Verb>Adverb clauses than to Adverb>Verb clauses (though only under semifactive predicates), and more attention to subordinate clauses under semantically secondary than semifactive predicates. We consider this as strongly supporting the hypothesis that Verb>Adv word order functions as a foregrounding signal in subordinate clauses.

scholarly journals Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue of Grey Cast Iron for Cylinder Heads - Effect of Niobium, Molybdenum and Solidification Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 925 ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Skoglund ◽  
Jessica Elfsberg ◽  
Nulifer Ipek ◽  
Lucian Vasile Diaconu ◽  
Mari Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Cyclic Stress ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solidification Time ◽  
Alloying Elements ◽  
Static Properties ◽  
Mechanical Fatigue ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Grey Cast

Grey iron alloyed with molybdenum and niobium in seven different compositions has been casted using three, in industrial components viable, solidification times which resulted in 21 different samples. The samples have been investigated with respect to microstructure, static properties and thermo-mechanical fatigue performance. It was found that the solidification time is very important for both the static and thermo-mechanical performance. If the solidification time is long the properties are controlled entirely by the large graphite flakes and there is no influence of the alloying elements. On the other hand if the solidification time can be kept short the need for alloying elements may be removed. For the shorter solidification times an influence from the matrix and thus the alloying elements can be seen. It was found that molybdenum enhances TMF-life while no such effect was found for niobium. Niobium, on the other hand, has a larger effect on static strength than molybdenum and also on the cyclic stress in the thermo-mechanical fatigue experiments.

scholarly journals A supramolecular proposal of lignin structure and its relation with the wood properties

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heber S. Abreu ◽  
João V.F. Latorraca ◽  
Regina P.W. Pereira ◽  
Maria Beatriz O. Monteiro ◽  
Fábio A. Abreu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Properties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Structure Form ◽  
Wood Technology ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Science Discussion ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Compound

In spite of the great importance of cellulose the lignin is considered the second most abundant substance of the wood. However, little attention has been given it, mainly to wood properties. The lignin as well as other structural compounds (cellulose and hemicelluloses), has obviously an important role on the wood properties, probably due its composition and existent bonds. In general lignins have β-O-4 (Alkyl Aril Ether) as majoritary bond. This bond in a continued structure form big molecules with spiral conformation as virtual model. Based on this idea, lignins that have high/low β-O-4 content may have differentiated spiraled structures,suggesting different behaviors on the wood properties,which shows that the lignins (Guaicyl:Syringyl (GS)) of angiosperms, for example, which have higher β-O-4 content would present higher spiral conformation than gymnosperms lignins(HG). On the other hand HG lignins have chance of being more anchored on the matrix compound than GS lignins. In this context, the β-O-4 bonds of lignins possibly affect the wood properties, therefore, it is considered relevant for wood technology science discussion.

scholarly journals Hidden Ekphrasis in the Works of Miroslav Krleža

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-133
Author(s):  
Nataša Lah
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Art History ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Miroslav Krleza ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The One

Throughout the entire literary oeuvre of Miroslav Krleža we are faced with a great number of credible descriptions, describing real historic events, or real artists and artworks belonging to the rich resources of European art history. By applying a cryptographic method of incorporating descriptions into his texts, Krleža on the one hand hid his sources, while on the other also revealed them. He hid them in the tissue of fictional texts, and unmasked them using a key work only those familiar with the source could identify. We term this method the use of “belletristic cryptograms”, and can further categorise it into thematic subgroups of concealed artwork descriptions, naming this whole method the use of hidden ekphrasis. The choice of artworks Krleža describes in his work is comprehensive, diverse and each described differently. Since we are dealing with literary texts, descriptions are often used in the function of a wide array of interpretative strategies of depiction; in some aspects, they are used as a mere glimpse into a piece of art with the goal of visually associating, evoking or minutely symbolizing the incorporeal frame of an artist’s mind or of the wider social context. In other aspects, the artworks are richly and meticulously presented with regard to their importance and credibility as they, according to Krleža, possess an “ethical intelligence” and “ethical conscience”. Only Krleža’s prose is researched here, and this is done on two levels. We take a look at examples where real art is incorporated into fictional texts in order to determine the significance and meaning of a certain dialogue, mise-en-scène or situation. This is most commonly found in the author’s plays, novels and novellas. On the other hand, we can trace a completely opposite method by which artworks enter these texts, where, due to their historic determination and already established worth/status, they thus re-enter reality, as seen from the perspective of Krleža’s life and work, so as to yet again test art history’s credibility through the matrix of contemporaneity. This approach is most often found in Krleža’s essays, critiques and diary entries.

scholarly journals Organology of Dreams and Archi-Cinema (

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stiegler Bernard
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
The Third ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cinematic Time ◽  
The One

Stiegler argued in Cinematic Time and the Question of Malaise (the third volume of Technics and Time) that we must refer to archi-cinema just as Derrida spoke of archi-writing. In this article he proposes that in principle the dream is the primordial form of this archi-cinema. The archi-cinema of consciousness, of which dreams would be the matrix as archi-cinema of the unconscious, is the projection resulting from the play between what Husserl called, on the one hand, primary and secondary retentions, and what Stiegler, on the other hand, calls tertiary retentions, which are the hypomnesic traces (that is, the mnemo-technical traces) of conscious and unconscious life. There is archi-cinema to the extent that for any noetic act – for example, in an act of perception – consciousness projects its object. This projection is a montage, of which tertiary (hypomnesic) retentions form the fabric, as well as constituting both the supports and the cutting room. This indicates that archi-cinema has a history, a history conditioned by the history of tertiary retentions. It also means that there is an organology of dreams.

scholarly journals On the semantics of when-clauses

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 544
Author(s):  
David Patrick Hall ◽  
Ivano Caponigro
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Mapping ◽  
Matrix Clause ◽  
Formal Identity ◽  
Free Relative ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Embedded Clauses ◽  
Interrogative Clauses

This paper is about non-interrogative temporal embedded clauses introduced by when (temporal when-clauses), their semantic interpretation and their syntax/semantics mapping. Our goal is to provide a fully compositional account of temporal when-clauses that accounts for their formal identity with interrogative clauses and their difference in meaning. The main idea is that temporal when-clauses are syntactically and semantically free relative clauses. Previous syntactic analyses (Grimshaw 1977, Bresnan and Grimshaw 1978, a.o) have provided robust support to the syntactic side of this claim. On the other hand, the semantic proposals for temporal when-clauses that we are aware of (Bonomi 1997, Vikner 2004, Moens and Steedman 1988) have ignored these syntactic conclusions and have argued for analyses that are problematic for the syntactic/semantic mapping. These semantic analyses are also not fully adequate in handling the interpretative properties of these clauses. We provide evidence from the distributional and interpretive properties of when-clauses as well as from the temporal alignment of the matrix clause with the when-clause that supports our analysis.

Speech Acts in the Apprentice Asia TV Program

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Reza Pahlevi ◽  
Amrin Saragih ◽  
Anni Holila Pulungan
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Task Type ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Tv Program

This study is concerned with the use of speech acts in The Apprentice Asia TV program. The objectives of this study were to describe, to explain the types of speech acts used by the host, advisors and contestants of The Apprentice Asia, and the reasons. The findings of this study showed that all types of speech acts, namely representative, directive, commissive, expressive and decalarative were used by the host and contestants, while the advisors did not use expressive and declarative. The dominant type of speech act used by the host was directive, while the advisors and contestants dominantly used representative speech act. The participants performed them by direct, indirect, literal and non-literal way. There were some reasons of using types of speech acts used by all participants. In order to get information from other participants about the performances of the contestants in running the task, type of speech acts used by the host was directive in the form of questioning. On the other hand, the advisors and contestants were the participants whose informations required by the host. Therefore, in responding what the host asked to them, they performed their speech acts through representative in the forms of informing. Key words : Apprentice Asia; Speech Acts;and TV program.

Note on a problem of Porte

1968 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Calculus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Characteristic Matrix ◽  
Finite Characteristic ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Image Position

Porte (1), p. 117, conjectures that the positive implicational propositional calculus has no finite characteristic matrix. The proof of this conjecture is a straightforward modification of Gödel's proof (2) that the intuitionistic propositional calculus has no finite characteristic matrix (see e.g. Church(3), ex. 26.12). Writing (A ∨ B) for ((A ⊃ B) ⊃ B) and Xij for (pj ⊃ pi) (i, j = 1,2,…), we define, for n > l, the formulawhere the terms associate to the left. Since provable formulae take the value n for all systems of values of the variables in the matrix {1,…,n} where x ⊃ y is n when x ≤ y and y otherwise, whereas Gn takes the value n − 1 for the system of values pi = i (i = 1,…,n), it follows that Gn is not provable. On the other hand, since A ⊢ A ∨ B and B ⊢ A ∨ B, it is easily seen that is provable whenever r ≠ s (r, s = 1,…,n). The result follows from these two remarks.

The Place of Conversational Data in Spanish Syntax: Topic, Focus, and Word Order

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Real ◽  
Grammaticality Judgments ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Spanish Syntax ◽  
The One

AbstractResults yield by conversational data are compared with those generated by elicited grammaticality judgments on the issues of topic, focus, and word order. On the one hand, most of the sentence types produced by elicited grammaticality judgments are confirmed by empirical conversational data. On the other, research utilizing grammaticality judgments detects only prototypical constructions. The cause is that invented sentences, upon which grammaticality judgments are based, are cognitively biased to be prototypical. Therefore, elicitation methodology does not provide the analyst with the whole range of possible constructions. This type of data is simplified in the sense that it consists mainly of prototypical instances placed in a context of exemplification. Conversational data, on the other hand, include the human factor, conversational and pragmatic factors, as well as the real context where a particular utterance occurs. For this reason, it is argued that syntax studies based on conversational data allow for the possibility of finding new unexpected cases that may offer new perspectives.

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