From cashew nut shell wastes to high value chemicals

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egid B. Mubofu
Keyword(s):  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Templating Agent ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractThe amount of waste generated in cashew nut processing factories has caused serious problems for a long time. However, this situation is about to change because they are being turned into an opportunity by a variety of bio-based chemicals. Todate, cashew nut shells (CNS) have proven to be among the most versatile renewable resource as they produce cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). CNSL which is a dark reddish brown viscous liquid (ca. 30–35 wt%) is extracted from the soft honeycomb of the CNS. The shells have been regarded as a by-product of the cashew industry though now it is a cheaper source of natural unsaturated phenols. CNSL offers a multitude of interesting possibilities for the synthesis of speciality chemicals, high value products and polymers. Our recent research efforts have demonstrated that its constituents can be transformed into diverse functional chemicals. This paper reports some key results on how cashew nut shells (an agro waste from cashew nut processing factories) have been employed to produce several functional materials and chemicals. The materials that are highlighted include the synthesis of 3-propylphenol from cardanol and anacardic acid, some polymers prepared from CNSL components, heterogeneous catalysts prepared using CNSL as a templating agent and anacardic acid capped chalcogenide nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using theAllium cepaandArtemia salinaBioassays

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aracelli de Sousa Leite ◽  
Alisson Ferreira Dantas ◽  
George Laylson da Silva Oliveira ◽  
Antonio L. Gomes Júnior ◽  
Sidney Gonçalo de Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

The cashew nut releases a substance that is known as cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). There are both natural (iCNSL) and technical (tCNSL) cashew nut shell liquids. This study used anArtemia salinabioassay to evaluate the toxic effects of iCNSL and tCNSL cashew nut shell liquids. It also evaluated the toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of CNSL and its effects on the damage induced by copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) on the meristems’ root ofAllium cepa. Effects of the damage induced by CuSO4·5H2O were evaluated before (pre-), during (co-), and after (post-) treatments. The iCNSL contained 94.5% anacardic acid, and the tCNSL contained 91.3% cardanol. The liquids were toxic toA. salina. Toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity were observed with iCNSL compared with the negative control. Similarly, iCNSL failed to inhibit the toxicity and cytotoxicity of CuSO4·5H2O. The tCNSL was not toxic, cytotoxic, or mutagenic in any of the concentrations. However, the lowest iCNSL concentrations and all of the tCNSL concentrations had preventive, antimutagenic, and reparative effects on micronuclei and on chromosomal aberrations in theA. cepa. Therefore, protective, modulating, and reparative effects may be observed in theA. cepa, depending on the concentration and type of CNSL used.

scholarly journals Influence of Epoxidized Cardanol Functionality and Reactivity on Network Formation and Properties

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1956
Author(s):  
Emre Kinaci ◽  
Erde Can ◽  
John Scala ◽  
Giuseppe Palmese
Keyword(s):  
Network Formation ◽  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Link Density ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Cardanol is a renewable resource based on cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a phenol ring with a C15 long aliphatic side chain in the meta position with varying degrees of unsaturation. Cardanol glycidyl ether was chemically modified to form side-chain epoxidized cardanol glycidyl ether (SCECGE) with an average epoxy functionality of 2.45 per molecule and was cured with petroleum-based epoxy hardeners, 4-4′-methylenebis(cyclohexanamine) and diethylenetriamine, and a cardanol-based amine hardener. For comparison, cardanol-based diphenol diepoxy resin, NC514 (Cardolite), and a petroleum-based epoxy resin, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) were also evaluated. Chemical and thermomechanical analyses showed that for SCECGE resins, incomplete cure of the secondary epoxides led to reduced cross-link density, reduced thermal stability, and reduced elongation at break when compared with difunctional resins containing only primary epoxides. However, because of functionality greater than two, amine-cured SCECGE produced a Tg very similar to that of NC514 and thus could be useful in formulating epoxy with renewable cardanol content.

scholarly journals Anacardic Acid Constituents from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid: NMR Characterization and the Effect of Unsaturation on Its Biological Activities

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Morais ◽  
Katherine Silva ◽  
Halisson Araujo ◽  
Icaro Vieira ◽  
Daniela Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Nmr Characterization ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Synthesis of cashew Mannich polyol via a three step continuous route and development of PU rigid foams with mechanical, thermal and fire studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejas S. Gandhi ◽  
Mayank R. Patel ◽  
Bharatkumar Z. Dholakiya
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Meta Position ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Carbon Side Chain ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Immense Potential

Abstract Renewable, biodegradable, agricultural resources are gaining increasing attention of many researchers because of growing environmental awareness and their potential to replace petrochemical derivatives. Cardanol obtained from cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is a renewable resource of immense potential. Cardanol, obtained as a byproduct of the cashew processing industry, is an important renewable resource and a unique phenolic compound carrying a 15-carbon side chain in the meta position, with varying degrees of unsaturation. The current research work describes the synthesis of new bio-based cashew Mannich polyols via the stepwise oxazolidine route and confirmed by spectral analysis. The foaming characteristics were studied and the polyols were successfully used in making rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with good mechanical, thermal and fire properties. The foams were characterized for density, flexural strength, morphology and limiting oxygen index (LOI) properties.

Isolation of Anacardic Acid from Natural Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (20) ◽  
pp. 9350-9354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Y. N. Philip ◽  
José Da Cruz Francisco ◽  
Estera S. Dey ◽  
Joseph Buchweishaija ◽  
Lupituko L. Mkayula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Supercritical Carbon
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