Radon concentration in compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas and its release range in residential houses

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Abbasi ◽  
Hesham M.H. Zakaly ◽  
Mahmoud M. Hessien
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Concentration Measurement ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Radon Exposure ◽  
Active Method

Abstract Radon (222Rn) exposure in the environment is an important issue, and many pathways exist for radon exposure to humans. One of these pathways is 222Rn release through the consumption of natural gas. The issues of 222Rn concentration measurement techniques and worldwide concentration distribution were reviewed in natural gas, with emphasis on performing an active method to determine 222Rn concentration in LPG and CNG gases used in Cyprus. The obtained results were compared with 222Rn concentration in natural gas worldwide and UNSCEAR reports. The average 222Rn concentration value in LPG gas was observed higher than CNG gas. Also, the 222Rn concentration in LPG and CNG gases was less than the UNSCEAR reported value.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOGAS AND CONVENTIONAL COOKING GAS IN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Titus Adegboye ◽  
Iyiola Oluwaleye
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gas Analyzer ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Mix

Household fuel refers to any material that is used to produce heat or power by burning. Some of the household fuel used in Nigeria includes: biomass, charcoal, kerosene, CNG (Compressed natural gas), LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), electricity. Biogas is relatively new and emerging as a viable option. In this study, biogas was produced using cow dung and the emission characterization of biogas and that of LPG was compared using a Gasboard model 5020H gas analyzer. Results of biogas emission is as follows; CO: 0.01%Vol , CO2: 0.14 %Vol, HC: 0010 ppm, NOx: 0002 ppm while LPG gives the following; CO: 0.30%Vol , CO2: 1.88 %Vol, HC: 0003 ppm, NOx: 0007 ppm. Recommendation was made for the inclusion of biogas in Nigeria energy mix because of its relatively better emission.

scholarly journals Analysis of alternative motor-vehicle fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 2094 (5) ◽  
pp. 052005
Author(s):  
M A Kovaleva ◽  
V G Shram ◽  
T N Vinichenko ◽  
E G Kravtsova ◽  
D G Slashchinin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Engine ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Market Expansion

Abstract In this paper, the analysis of alternative fuels is carried out: electricity, hydrogen, biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas), solar energy, compressed air, gas engine fuel (compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas). The advantages and disadvantages of their use are indicated according to the criteria of environmental safety, cost, and infrastructure development. It is revealed that at the moment, gas-engine fuel, in particular liquefied petroleum gas and compressed natural gas, is most suitable for the transfer of the fleet. The economic and environmental effect of the market expansion is associated with the high environmental friendliness of this type of fuel, low price, large natural reserves, the development of the petrochemical industry of the country, the reduction of financial costs for the repair and reconstruction of physically and morally outdated oil refining and liquid fuel production enterprises, promising technical and technological solutions to transport problems.

scholarly journals GAS SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF PADA PENGERAK KAPAL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Purwanto ◽  
Haryono
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Gas Fuel

<p>Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) usage is liquefied petroleum gas which being melted by adding pressure and lowering the temperature, then the gas will turn into liquid. Butane (C4H10) and propane (C3H8) are the dominating components. The need for Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) especially for the household sector is more effective when using the complement of 3 kg of LPG. Gas fuel for transportations is more suitable when using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which is a compressed natural gas as gas fuel. It is considered cleaner and environment friendly than gasoline and diesel fuel because of the gas emissions waste. This CNG is made by compressing methane (CN4) extracted from natural gas then stored and distributed in a pressure pneumatic. Gas for fuel will increase the engine workload, so it tends to increase the consumption of the fuel. However, the gas low pressure on the transportation sector can decrease the compression on the machines. It will reduce the capital up to 50%.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords :</em><em> Gas, Alternative, Ship’s Propulsion</em></strong></p><p> </p><p>Pemakain Gas Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)  yaitu gas minyak bumi yang dicairkan  dengan menambah tekanan dan menurunkan suhunya, gas akan berubah menjadi cair. Butana (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>) dan Propana (C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) merupakan komponen yang mendominasi.  Kebutuhan akan (LPG) khususnya untuk sektor rumah tangga efektif  mengunakan sebagai komplemen LPG 3 Kg. Sedangkan Bahan Bakar Gas untuk  sektor  transportasi darat dan transportasi laut lebih tepat mengunakan Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) yaitu merupakan Gas Alam yang terkompresi sebagai bahan bakar gas (BBG) yang  diangap lebih bersih jika dibandingkan dua bahan bakar minyak yaitu bensin dan solar karena emisi gas buangnya yang ramah lingkungan. CNG ini dibuat dengan  melakukan kompresi metana (CH<sub>4</sub>) yang diekstrak dari gas alam yang disimpan dan didistribusikan dalam bejana tekan. Bahan bakar gas sektor transportasi akan menambah beban mesin sehinga akan cenderung meningkatkan konsumsi specifik bahan bakar kendaraan bermotor. Namun demikian tekanan kerja Bahan Bakar Gas sektor transportasi rendah sehingga dapat menurunkan  kompresi pada mesin, maka  akan menekan biaya operasinal sampai 50%.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci  : <em>Bahan Bakar Gas, Compressed Natural Gas, Energy</em></strong></p>

scholarly journals Use of CNG as Autofuel in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 66-69
Author(s):  
Chikwendu Ubani ◽  
Ubong Ikpaisong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
National Development ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Gaseous Hydrocarbon ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Natural gas is a clean-burning, safe fuel that can save you money at the pump while benefitting the environment and reducing Nigeria’s dependence on petroleum. It is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon, non-gaseous non-hydrocarbons and gaseous non-hydrocarbons found in underground reservoir rocks either on its own (non-associated gas) or in association with crude oil (associated gas). Natural gas is today accepted as one of the best sources of energy for the world and for the future because of its environmentally-friendly nature compared to other kinds of fossil fuels. Nigeria is ranked as the seventh most natural gas endowed nation in the world and relaxes on number one spot in Africa as she seats on about one hundred and eighty-eight trillion cubic feet of natural gas deposits.Current opportunities to utilize gas in Nigeria include: Gas to reinjection schemes, Gas to power schemes, Gas to petrochemicals (as feedstock), LNG-Liquefied Natural Gas, LPG- Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and CNG- Compressed Natural Gas. The use of CNG as auto fuel in Nigeria presents so much benefits as have been highlighted in this paper with emphasis on the economic advantage. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a product of compressing natural gas to one hundredth the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure.A comprehensive economic analysis to determine the cost savings from driving a car on CNG against PMS considered the case of a motorist who covers an average of 100 km every day in the approximately thirty days that make a month was employed. Results established that running a car on CNG amounts to saving N1 143 daily and N34 284 monthly, the cost of converting the car from PMS - driven to CNG - driven is recovered before the end of the sixth month. From the sixth month to the end of the first year, savings of N211 402 is made. Savings of N411 408 is enjoyed each year after the first year.Running vehicles on CNG will greatly reduce the friction and troubles encountered in importing fuel into the country. This will also cut down largely the hardly available foreign exchange expended in bringing in PMS for fuelling vehicles. To this end, the Nigerian Government should as a matter of national development ensure legal and regulatory framework encompassing both technical and commercial aspects for natural gas utilization in Nigeria. Worthy of note is the aspect of gas gathering, gas transmission and distribution which will further encourage the planting of CNG refuelling stations that will serve the expected large fleet of natural gas vehicles. Currently, Green Gas Limited, a joint venture between Nigeria Gas Company (NGC) a Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and NIPCO Plc. that has nine operational CNG refuelling stations and others under construction is the only company driving the CNG revolution in the country.

scholarly journals Natural Gas Development Trend in Nigeria: The Investor’s Road Map

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
G. O. Ani ◽  
S. S. Ikiensikimama
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Present State ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas Development ◽  
The Development Trend

Natural gas as a cleaner energy is attracting investors across the globe, especially country like Nigeria with huge gas reserves. This paper present the development trend of natural gas in Nigeria from reserves through production, utilization, local demand, gas export, to regulation, Acts and Policies and possible investment indicators. With 200.41 Trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas reserves in 2018, Nigeria takes the first position in Africa as total proven gas reserves. However, in production, Nigeria falls to third position and consumption/utilization is minimal, indicating that some of the produced gas was flared. With a total reserve of 182.817 Tcf in 2010, 1.54% of the reserves was produced with 19.33% flared, and in 2017, with reserves of 199.09 Tcf, 1.48% was produced and 11.74% was flared. The present state of the power sector, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) (production and consumption) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for vehicles, are indicators for investors to aggressively develop the natural gas infrastructure. However, an independent Regulating Agency needs to setup policies to regulate natural gas flaring and prices in order to guaranty a workable partnership and protect consumers and investors.

EVALUATION OF REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLES USED FOR INDOOR RADON SURVEYS

2020 ◽  
Vol 191 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
M Caprio ◽  
G Venoso ◽  
M Ampollini ◽  
S Antignani ◽  
C Carpentieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radon Concentration ◽  
Concentration Distribution ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Radon Exposure ◽  
Sample Representativeness ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Population Based Survey

Abstract The estimation of the indoor radon exposure of the population of a country is generally carried out by the means of surveys designed in order to have sample representativeness as a target (population-based survey). However, the estimates of radon concentration distributions could be affected by biases if sampling was not random or in case of differences between sample and target population characteristics. In this work, we performed a preliminary check of the representativeness of the sample used for the second Italian national survey aimed to evaluate radon concentration distribution in each Province. We found that sampled dwellings are mostly located in the main administrative centres, where average radon concentration is generally lower, as compared with the other towns of the Province. The potential source of bias identified in this work suggests to carefully control the occurrence of a sampling imbalance between ‘main’ cities and other cities of Province and to take it into account in data analysis.

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