Pavlovian Conditioning of CNS Drug Effects: A Critical Review and New Experimental Design

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest N. Damianopoulos ◽  
Robert J. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Drug Effects

scholarly journals A critical review on human serum Paraoxonase-1 in the literature: truths and misconceptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mackness ◽  
Eser Yildirim Sozmen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Serum Paraoxonase ◽  
Inflammatory Component ◽  
Biomedical Fields

AbstractHuman serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) appears to play an important role in the development of a large variety of diseases with an inflammatory component including heart disease, diabetes, rheumatic diseases, neurological diseases and cancer. As such PON1 research is rapidly expanding into new biomedical fields. Unfortunately, this rapid expansion has resulted in a number of problems due to poor experimental design and the spreading of misconceptions in the literature. This review seeks to describe the basic properties of PON1 and the problems and misconceptions that have arisen.

Techniques Used to Assess the Efficacy of Psychotropic Drugs: A Critical Review

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Newmark
Keyword(s):  
Psychotropic Drug ◽  
Psychotropic Drugs ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Behavioral Changes

Some relevant literature concerning the techniques used to assess psychotropic drug efficacy is evaluated and summarized, and the need for an objective dependent variable to assess behavioral changes associated with drug effects is indicated. The paper concludes that the most obvious basic requirements for the evaluation of psychotropic drugs at the human level are the development and maintenance of stable and reproducible baselines against which to assess drug-correlated changes. As of this date, such a measure has not been developed.

Anticipation of Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Events: Classical Conditioning and Addictive Behavior

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shepard Siegel ◽  
Marvin D. Krank ◽  
Riley E. Hinson
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Pavlovian Conditioning ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Addictive Behavior ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Compensatory Responses ◽  
Made In

Typically, pharmacological phenomena such as tolerance, sensitization, and dependence have been viewed as resulting from the operation of feedback mechanisms: pharmacologically disturbed homeostatic functioning is countered by compensatory responses that restore physiological equilibrium. We summarize the results of research indicating that feedforward mechanisms (i.e., regulatory responses made in anticipation of a drug) also importantly contribute to drug effects. Such feedforward mechanisms operate on the basis of Pavlovian conditioning principles. We also discuss the role of such physiological feedforward mechanisms in areas that are not primarily pharmacological: immunology, exercise physiology, and stress.

Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1007-1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. McCormack ◽  
David J. de L. Horne ◽  
Simon Sheather
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Full Advantage ◽  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Visual Analogue Scales ◽  
Analogue Scales

SynopsisVisual Analogue Scales (VAS) provide a simple technique for measuring subjective experience. They have been established as valid and reliable in a range of clinical and research applications, although there is also evidence of increased error and decreased sensitivity when used some subject groups. Decisions concerned with the choice of scoring interval, experimental design, and statistical analysis for VAS have in some instances been based on convention, assumption and convenience, highlighting the need for more comprehensive assessment of individual scales if this versatile and sensitive measurement technique is to be used to full advantage.

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