Maximum cross section method in the filtering problem for continuous systems with Markovian switching

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Averina ◽  
Konstantin A. Rybakov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Random Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Continuous Systems ◽  
Random Structure ◽  
Solution Algorithms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Filtering Problem

Abstract New solution algorithms of optimal filtering problem are proposed for systems with random structure and continuous time. This problem consists in estimating the current state of system based on the results of measurements. The mathematical model of the system includes nonlinear stochastic differential equations whose right-hand side determines the structure of the dynamic system or mode of operation. The right-hand side may vary at random time moments. The number of structures of the system is assumed to be finite and the process of changing the structure to be Markov or conditionally Markov. The state vector of such system consists of two components, namely, a vector with real coordinates and an integer structure number. The law of change of the structure number is determined by the distribution of the random time interval between switchings with a given intensity dependent on the state of system.

Statistical filtering algorithms for systems withrandom structure

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Averina ◽  
Konstantin A. Rybakov
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Stochastic Differential Equations ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Stochastic Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
Random Time ◽  
Random Structure ◽  
Continuous Part ◽  
Discrete Part ◽  
The Right

New algorithms for solving the optimal filtering problem for continuous-timesystems with a random structure are proposed. This problem is to estimate the currentsystem state vector from observations. The mathematical model of the dynamic systemincludes nonlinear stochastic differential equations, the right side of which defines the systemstructure (regime mode). The right side of these stochastic differential equations may bechanged at random time moments. The structure switching process is the Markov or conditionalMarkov random process with a finite set of states (structure numbers). The state vectorof such system consists of two components: the real vector (continuous part) and the integerstructure number (discrete part). The switch condition for the structure number may bedifferent: the achievement of a given surface by the continuous part of the state vector orthe distribution of a random time period between structure switchings. Each ordered pairof structure numbers can correspond to its own switch law. Algorithms for the estimation of the current state vector for systems with a randomstructure are particle filters, they are based on the statistical modeling method (MonteCarlo method). This work continues the authors’ research in the field of statistical methodsand algorithms for the continuous-time stochastic systems analysis and filtering.

The State Policy towards the Homeless in Moldova between the ‘Left Hand’ and the ‘Right Hand’. The Case of Chișinău Shelter

Südosteuropa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-195
Author(s):  
Petru Negură
Keyword(s):  
Homeless People ◽  
Severe Disabilities ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Binary Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract The Centre for the Homeless in Chișinău embodies on a small scale the recent evolution of state policies towards the homeless in Moldova (a post-Soviet state). This institution applies the binary approach of the state, namely the ‘left hand’ and the ‘right hand’, towards marginalised people. On the one hand, the institution provides accommodation, food, and primary social, legal assistance and medical care. On the other hand, the Shelter personnel impose a series of disciplinary constraints over the users. The Shelter also operates a differentiation of the users according to two categories: the ‘recoverable’ and those deemed ‘irrecoverable’ (persons with severe disabilities, people with addictions). The personnel representing the ‘left hand’ (or ‘soft-line’) regularly negotiate with the employees representing the ‘right hand’ (‘hard-line’) of the institution to promote a milder and a more humanistic approach towards the users. This article relies on multi-method research including descriptive statistical analysis with biographical records of 810 subjects, a thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with homeless people (N = 65), people at risk of homelessness (N = 5), professionals (N = 20) and one ethnography of the Shelter.

The State of the Law on Euthanasia in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Moni Wekesa ◽  
Martin Awori
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Right To Die ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Law ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The Right

The general position of the law on euthanasia worldwide is that all states recognise their duty to preserve life. Courts in various jurisdictions have refused to interpret the 'right to life' or the 'right to dignity' to also include the 'right to die'. Instead, they have held that the state has a duty to protect life. Three categories can however be noted. At one extreme are those countries that have totally criminalised any appearance of euthanasia. In the middle are countries that prohibit what appears to be active euthanasia while at the same time tolerating 'dual-effect' treatment and withdrawal of artificial feeding. At the other extreme are countries that allow euthanasia. Even in this last category of countries, there are stringent guidelines embedded in the law to prevent a situation of 'free for all'. Anecdotal evidence, some empirical studies and case law seem to suggest that euthanasia goes on in many countries irrespective of the law. Euthanasia is a criminal offence in Kenya. However, there have been no empirical studies to ascertain whether euthanasia goes on in spite of the law. This article surveys the current state of the practice of euthanasia globally and narrows down to elaborate on the state of affairs in Kenya.

scholarly journals A Solution Approach for Lower Hessenberg Linear Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Ruffa
Keyword(s):  
Linear System ◽  
Linear Systems ◽  
Parallel Processors ◽  
Solution Vector ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Parallel Solution ◽  
Solution Algorithms ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

An approach is developed to obtain solutions to lower Hessenberg linear systems with general entries. The approach involves developing solution vectors for an extended lower Hessenberg linear system (having an extra column and an extra introduced unknown) for each nonzero term on the right hand side. The overall solution is then found through superposition and determination of the extra introduced unknown. The approach supports parallel solution algorithms without communication between processors, since each solution vector is computed independently of the others. The number of parallel processors needed will be equal to the number of nonzero right hand side terms.

scholarly journals THE INSTRUMENTS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL PROVISION FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE RIGHT TO A SAFE AND HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
V. V. Polubatko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Provision ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Right

The article is focused on determining the instruments of administrative and legal provision for the realization of the right to a safe and healthy environment by individuals and formulating the propositions to improve the normative and legal regulation of the procedures of their application. The author of the article has established the state of scientific developments concerning the realization of the citizens’ right to a safe and healthy environment and the instruments of its administrative and legal provision. The concept of administrative and legal provision and its instruments have been revealed. The functions of public administration subjects assigned to them in the field of environmental protection have been highlighted; the shortcomings of their normative and legal regulation have been determined; and the ways of their solution have been suggested. The author has named the types of instruments of administrative and legal provision for the realization of the right to a safe and healthy environment by individuals and their certain characteristics. The system of normative and legal acts regulating the procedures for their use has been studied. The current state of normative and legal regulation of the application of the instrument of administrative and legal provision for the realization of the right to a safe and healthy environment by individuals has been clarified; and propositions and recommendations regarding the ways of its improvement have been formulated. In particular, a number of specific problems that are to be obligatory solved has been defined: lack of procedures of public administration activities and a normative act that would introduce unified rules for the application of the instruments of public administration activities; contradictions and inaccuracies that exist in the current normative and legal acts; validity of normative acts adopted with violation of powers.

scholarly journals Stability Analysis of Optimal Trajectory for Nonlinear Optimal Control Problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hongyong Deng ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Changchun Shen
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Optimal Trajectory ◽  
Optimal Control Problems ◽  
Baire Category ◽  
The State ◽  
Optimal Trajectories ◽  
Control Problems ◽  
State Equations ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

Due to the need for numerical calculation and mathematical modelling, this paper focuses on the stability of optimal trajectories for optimal control problems. The basic ideas and techniques are based on the compactness of the optimal trajectory set and set-valued mapping theorem. Through lack of optimal control stability, the result of generic stability for optimal trajectories is obtained under the perturbations of the right-hand side functions of the state equations; in the sense of Baire category, the right-hand side functions of the state equations of optimal control can be approximated by other functions.

scholarly journals Subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by Acremonium recifei: case report

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarisse Zaitz ◽  
Edward Porto ◽  
Elisabeth Maria Heins-Vaccari ◽  
Aya Sadahiro ◽  
Ligia Rangel Barbosa Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Female Patient ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
The State ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hematoxylin Eosin

We present a case of subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Acremonium recifei, a species whose habitat is probably the soil, first identified in 1934 by Arêa Leão and Lobo in a case of podal eumycetoma with white-yellowish grains and initially named Cephalosporium recifei. A white immunocompetent female patient from the state of Bahia, Brazil, with a history of traumatic injury to the right hand is reported. The lesion was painless, with edema, inflammation and the presence of fistulae. Seropurulent secretion with the absence of grains was present. Histopathological examination of material stained with hematoxylin-eosin showed hyaline septate hyphae. A culture was positive for Acremonium recifei. Treatment with itraconazole, 200 mg/day, for two months led to a favorable course and cure of the process. We report for the first time in the literature a case of subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Acremonium recifei in a immunocompetent woman. Treatment with itraconazole 200 mg/day, for two months, resulted in cure.

S–R Compatibilities Depend on Eccentricity of Responding Hand

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire F. Michaels
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Midline ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Finger Movement ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Action System ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right

Bauer and Miller (1982) demonstrated that when responding on the body midline with the right hand, subjects react faster when the pairing between horizontally oriented stimuli (an X to the left or right of fixation) and vertically oriented responses (an up or down finger movement) is left–down, right–up (“anti-clockwise”) but when responding with the left hand, the converse pairing was faster. The present experiments tested whether those preferences held for responses other than on the body midline. Unimanual reaction times for clockwise and anti-clockwise S–R pairings were determined for both hands at the midline and 30 and 60 cm to the left or right. Hand position determined both the direction and extent of the compatibility preference; at eccentric positions the right hand preferred clockwise pairings and the left anticlockwise, the converse of that found by Bauer and Miller. The results extend Bauer and Miller's finding, raise problems for theories of S–R compatibility, and further reveal that the state of the action system “sets up” perception.

scholarly journals The current state of science on aphasia

2020 ◽  
Vol V (3) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
G. Idelson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Function ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Opposite Hemisphere ◽  
Remarkable Case ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sensory Disorders ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right

We very often come across agraphy as a complication in any form of rupture disorder. This even in some forms of verbal speech is a direct consequence of it. For most people, even for many who have been, the right hand has the ability to write; it, therefore, is located under the influence of the center, which innervates the movements of the right hand. The paralysis of the right hand, in the face of a lesion in the center of the upper limb (the middle third of both central gyri), will, of course, destroy the careful movement necessary for writing. Sometimes, on the other hand, agraphia without the slightest damage to the motor function of the hand is subject to even greater doubt. Even Pitres's remarkable case showed mild motor and sensory disorders. Such disorders, perhaps, are easier to detect on the hands, than similar disorders with local aphasia on the lips, tongue, etc., since there can be corrected in the result of external infiltration from the opposite hemisphere, which is impossible here. But in any case, there is a connection on one side of the r between the normal state of the hand and the ability to write on the other side between agraphia and paralysis of the right hand.

scholarly journals Dois pesos, duas medidas: a aplicação da necessidade e da proporcionalidade no jus ad bellum

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Macedo ◽  
Marinês Assmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Right

RESUMOEstabelecido no artigo 51 da Carta das Nações Unidas, o direito à legítima defesa não é absoluto, devendo o Estado-vítima de ataque armado respeitar os requisitos pré-determinados pela estrutura legal internacional. Os princípios da necessidade e proporcionalidade da defesa exercem função primordial nesse sentido, uma vez que, segundo o direito costumeiro internacional, o Estado deve conformar sua conduta a eles. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer o atual estado da arte no que respeita à necessidade e à proporcionalidade, como limitadoras do direito à legítima defesa no direito internacional público. Os mencionados princípios, apesar de bem consolidados e de fazerem parte do direito consuetudinário internacional, não têm seus contornos bem delimitados, causando discordâncias entre a prática estatal e a doutrina. PALAVRAS-CHAVEDireito internacional público. Legítima defesa. Necessidade. Proporcionalidade. ABSTRACTThe right to self-defense, established in the article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, is not absolute, and the State victimized by an armed attack must comply with the requirements determined by the international legal framework. In this sense, the principles of necessity and proportionality of the defense play a primary role since, according to customary international law, the State must shape its conduct to these principles. The present work aims to outline the current state of the art of necessity and proportionality as limits to the right to self-defense in public international law. These principles, although well-established and part of international customary law, do not have their boundaries well-defined, causing disagreements between State practices and doctrine. KEYWORDSPublic international law. Self-defense. Necessity. Proportionality.

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