scholarly journals Strategic voting in the 2011 and 2015 Polish Senate elections: Testing Duvergerʼs Law in the second-order elections

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Maškarinec
Keyword(s):  
Strong Influence ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Plurality Rule ◽  
Electoral Institutions ◽  
Senate Elections ◽  
Duverger's Law ◽  
Upper Chamber ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractThis article tests Duverger’s law through analysis of the Polish Senate elections in 2011 and 2015. These two elections were held under the new first-past-the-post (or single-member plurality) system, which replaced formerly used unlimited vote. The main aim of the article is to test, whether we can confirm the expectations of strategic voting in the context of the so-called second-order elections, as the Polish Parliament is a classical example of the asymmetrical bicameralism, with the secondary role of the upper chamber, the Senate. The results show that the strategic voting was not universal phenomenon under the plurality rule, as indicated by many violations of Duverger’s law. Our research confirmed that the effect of electoral institutions (institutional structure) is contingent and (at the district level) inhibited by country-specific conditions, with potentially strong influence of the second-order character of the Polish Senate elections.

Strategic Voting Under Conditions of Uncertainty: A Re-Evaluation of Duverger's Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
EMILY CLOUGH
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
Duverger's Law ◽  
The Way

Political scientists have long recognized that the number of parties in a country influences the way that interests are represented in that country. One explanation for the number of parties in a system relies on the idea of strategic voting, i.e. voters may not want to ‘waste a vote’ by voting for a third party. However, work in this area does not address the role of an important factor that may affect party systems through strategic voting: information. Without polls, how could voters know which parties were likely to win, and hence how to vote strategically? Using an agent-based model, this article assesses the role that information plays in shaping the party system through strategic voting. The results of this model demonstrate that, contrary to Duverger's Law, more than two parties may emerge in single-member plurality systems, even when all voters are strategic.

Japan's Multimember SNTV System and Strategic Voting: The ‘M + 1 Rule’ and Beyond

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-293
Author(s):  
Patrick Fournier ◽  
Masaru Kohno
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Institutional Effects ◽  
Strategic Coordination ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Duverger's Law

Since the early 1990s, Steven Reed and Gary Cox have changed our understanding of Japan's multimember SNTV electoral system, by highlighting its institutional effects similar to what is known as Duverger's law in the Anglo-American context. While we offer some additional evidence to consolidate their findings, we also address an issue left unexplored in these studies, namely the role of partisan information. Under Japan's system, party labels matter in elections. We show that, while Japanese voters are generally willing to abandon the candidates without affiliation with established parties, the partisan effects produce constraints for strategic coordination.

scholarly journals Which Matters Most: Party Strategic Exit or Voter Strategic Voting? A Laboratory Experiment

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Bol ◽  
André Blais ◽  
Simon Labbé St-Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Party System ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Strategic Voting ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Plurality Rule ◽  
Respective Role

There is abundant empirical evidence that the plurality rule constrains party competition and favors two-party systems. This reduction of party system fragmentation may be due to parties deciding not to enter elections for which they are not viable and/or voters voting strategically. Yet, no prior research has attempted to estimate the respective role of parties and voters in this process. To fill this gap, we conducted a unique laboratory experiment where some subjects played the role of parties and others played the role of voters, and where the two were able to respond to each other just as in real-life elections. We find that the reduction due to party strategic exit is higher than that due to strategic voting. We conclude that parties play a key role in the effect of the plurality rule on party system fragmentation.

Topography of the Free Energy Landscape on the Claisen-Schmidt Condensation: Solvent and Temperature Effect in the Rate-Controlling Step

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayara Dantas Coutinho ◽  
Hugo Gontijo Machado ◽  
Valter Henrique Carvalho-Silva ◽  
Wender A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Rate Controlling Step ◽  
Formation Step

Recent studies have assigned hydroxide elimination and C=C bond formation step in base-promoted aldol condensation the role of having a strong influence in the overall rate reaction, in contrast to...

Was Duverger Correct? Single-Member District Election Outcomes in Fifty-three Countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew M. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
District Level ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
Plurality Rule ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Institutional Rules ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Number Of Parties ◽  
Duverger's Law

In districts where only one seat is contested, the electoral formula (plurality or majority) should be a major determinant of the number of parties that receive votes. Specifically, plurality rule should generate two-party competition while other institutional arrangements should generate electoral fragmentation. Yet tests of these propositions using district-level data have focused on a limited number of cases; they rarely contrast different electoral systems and have reached mixed conclusions. This study analyses district-level data from 6,745 single-member district election contests from 53 democratic countries to test the evidence for Duverger's Law and Hypothesis. Double-ballot majoritarian systems have large numbers of candidates, as predicted, but while the average outcome under plurality rule is generally consistent with two-party competition, it is not perfectly so. The two largest parties typically dominate the districts (generally receiving more than 90 per cent of the vote), and there is very little support for parties finishing fourth or worse. Yet third-place parties do not completely disappear, and ethnic divisions shape party fragmentation levels, even under plurality rule. Finally, institutional rules that generate multiparty systems elsewhere in the country increase electoral fragmentation in single-member plurality districts.

Synthesis and properties of a new second-order NLO chromophore containing the benzo[b]furan moiety for electro-optical materials

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (63) ◽  
pp. 33312-33318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maolin Zhang ◽  
Guowei Deng ◽  
Airui Zhang ◽  
Huajun Xu ◽  
Heyan Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Donor ◽  
Optical Materials ◽  
Furan Ring ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Donor Group ◽  
Nlo Chromophores ◽  
Furan Moiety

We have designed and synthesized a new chromophore having a 1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidine fused furan ring as the electron donor group to systematically investigate the role of the benzo[b]furan ring in NLO chromophores.

scholarly journals Marketing Ethics and Relationship Marketing - An Empirical Study that Measure the Effect of Ethics Practices Application on Maintaining Relationships with Customers

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Alshurideh ◽  
B. H. Al Kurdi ◽  
Anu Vij ◽  
Zaid Obiedat ◽  
Abdallah Naser
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Relationship Marketing ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Marketing Ethics ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Telecommunication Sector ◽  
Ethical Practices

<p>The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of ethics embedded practices on maintaining long-term relationships with customers. Based on an extensive literature review, four elements of marketing ethics, namely, honesty, autonomy, privacy and transparency were identified and examined by utilizing a sample of 360 participants. Adopting a quantitative approach, the study conducted on telecommunication sector subscribers revealed that the elements of marketing ethics affected an organization’s ability of maintaining long-term relationships with customers and had a strong influence on feedback, transparency and privacy. The results also showed the crucial role of generating feedback from customers for creating and maintaining long-term relationships. The results will enable marketers to not only analyze the importance of adopting ethical practices in their strategies but also the relative relevance of these practices as perceived by customers.</p>

scholarly journals Relaxin induces rapid, transient vasodilation in the microcirculation of hamster skeletal muscle

2013 ◽  
Vol 218 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan M Willcox ◽  
Alastair J S Summerlee ◽  
Coral L Murrant
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Gap Junction ◽  
Fourth Order ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Channel Dependent ◽  
Synthase Inhibitor

Relaxin produces a sustained decrease in total peripheral resistance, but the effects of relaxin on skeletal muscle arterioles, an important contributor to systemic resistance, are unknown. Using the intact, blood-perfused hamster cremaster muscle preparationin situ, we tested the effects of relaxin on skeletal muscle arteriolar microvasculature by applying 10−10 M relaxin to second-, third- and fourth-order arterioles and capillaries. The mechanisms responsible for relaxin-induced dilations were explored by applying 10−10 M relaxin to second-order arterioles in the presence of 10−5 M N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME, nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor), 10−5 M glibenclamide (GLIB, ATP-dependent potassium (K+) channel inhibitor), 10−3 M tetraethylammonium (TEA) or 10−7 M iberiotoxin (IBTX, calcium-associated K+channel inhibitor). Relaxin caused second- (peak change in diameter: 8.3±1.7 μm) and third (4.5±1.1 μm)-order arterioles to vasodilate transiently while fourth-order arterioles did not (0.01±0.04 μm). Relaxin-induced vasodilations were significantly inhibited byl-NAME, GLIB, TEA and IBTX. Relaxin stimulated capillaries to induce a vasodilation in upstream fourth-order arterioles (2.1±0.3 μm), indicating that relaxin can induce conducted responses vasodilation that travels through blood vessel walls via gap junctions. We confirmed gap junction involvement by showing that gap junction uncouplers (18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid (40×10−6 M) or 0.07% halothane) inhibited upstream vasodilations to localised relaxin stimulation of second-order arterioles. Therefore, relaxin produces transient NO- and K+channel-dependent vasodilations in skeletal muscle arterioles and stimulates capillaries to initiate conducted responses. The transient nature of the arteriolar dilation brings into question the role of skeletal muscle vascular beds in generating the sustained systemic haemodynamic effects induced by relaxin.

scholarly journals Distance: how mobility gives rise to paradoxes in (re)constructing food identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Selma Tozanli
Keyword(s):  
Eating Habits ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Host Culture ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Acculturation Process ◽  
Process Work ◽  
Food Identity ◽  
Country Specific

The authors base their research on observations and in the literature concerning different forms of mobility of human beings and food products, distances and territorial anchoring. They continue by addressing the paradoxes in acculturation processes that occur during identity (re)construction in food consumption and eating habits. They focus on the role of cross-border migration, in the spreading of genuine country-specific products and/or local food specialties of migrant populations in their host countries. What are the different definitions of the distance/s between the migrant and his home country and the host culture? What role does the migrant play in the spreading of these eating habits? How does the acculturation process work? What different forms of territorial anchoring account the spreading of these genuine country-specific foods?

scholarly journals Second-Order Differential Operators in the Limit Circle Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri R. Yafaev ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Differential Operators ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Spectral Measures ◽  
Limit Circle ◽  
Jacobi Operators ◽  
Limit Circle Case ◽  
Circle Case ◽  
Stieltjes Transforms

We consider symmetric second-order differential operators with real coefficients such that the corresponding differential equation is in the limit circle case at infinity. Our goal is to construct the theory of self-adjoint realizations of such operators by an analogy with the case of Jacobi operators. We introduce a new object, the quasiresolvent of the maximal operator, and use it to obtain a very explicit formula for the resolvents of all self-adjoint realizations. In particular, this yields a simple representation for the Cauchy-Stieltjes transforms of the spectral measures playing the role of the classical Nevanlinna formula in the theory of Jacobi operators.

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