scholarly journals Autobiographical memory increases pupil dilation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 280-287
Author(s):  
Mohamad El Haj ◽  
Steve M. J. Janssen ◽  
Karim Gallouj ◽  
Quentin Lenoble
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Negative Memories

Abstract Background Pupil activity has been widely considered as a “summed index” of physiological activities during cognitive processing. Methodology We investigated pupil dilation during retrieval of autobiographical memory and compared pupil diameter with a control condition in which participants had to count aloud. We also measured pupil diameters retrieval of free (i.e., first memory that comes to mind), positive, and negative memories (memories associated, respectively, with the words “happy” and “sad”). Results Analyses demonstrated larger pupil diameters during the free, positive, and negative autobiographical memory retrieval than during the control task. Analyses also demonstrated no significant differences in pupil diameters across the three autobiographical memory conditions. Conclusion These outcomes demonstrate that, compared with counting, autobiographical retrieval results in a larger pupil size. However, the emotional valence of memories yields non-significant effect on pupil diameters. Our findings demonstrate how autobiographical memory retrieval yields pupil dilation.

scholarly journals Cognitive effort and pupil dilation in controlled and automatic processes

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Querino ◽  
Lafaiete dos Santos ◽  
Giuliano Ginani ◽  
Eduardo Nicolau ◽  
Débora Miranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functions ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Automatic Processes ◽  
Pupillary Diameter ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Controlled Processes ◽  
Stroop Paradigm

AbstractThe Five Digits Test (FDT) is a Stroop paradigm test that aims to evaluate executive functions. It is composed of four parts, two of which are related to automatic and two of which are related to controlled processes. It is known that pupillary diameter increases as the task’s cognitive demand increases. In the present study, we evaluated whether the pupillary diameter could distinguish cognitive effort between automated and controlled cognitive processing during the FDT as the task progressed. As a control task, we used a simple reading paradigm with a similar visual aspect as the FDT. We then divided each of the four parts into two blocks in order to evaluate the differences between the first and second half of the task. Results indicated that, compared to a control task, the FDT required higher cognitive effort for each consecutive part. Moreover, the first half of every part of the FDT induced dilation more than the second. The differences in pupil dilation during the first half of the four FDT parts were statistically significant between the parts 2 and 4 (p=0.023), and between the parts 3 and 4 (p=0.006). These results provide further evidence that cognitive effort and pupil diameter can distinguish controlled from automatic processes.

scholarly journals Early phase of pupil dilation is mediated by the peripheral parasympathetic pathway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinatsu Marumo ◽  
Tamami Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Early Phase ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Sphincter Muscle ◽  
Dilator Muscle ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Parasympathetic Pathway ◽  
Iris Sphincter

Pupil diameter fluctuates in association with changes in brain states induced by the neuromodulator systems. However, it remains unclear how the neuromodulator systems control the activity of the iris sphincter (constrictor) and dilator muscles to change the pupil size. The present study compared temporal patterns of pupil dilation during movement when each muscle was pharmacologically manipulated in the human eye. When the iris sphincter muscle was blocked with tropicamide, the latency of pupil dilation was delayed and the magnitude of pupil dilation was reduced during movement. In contrast, when the iris dilator muscle was continuously stimulated with phenylephrine, the latency and magnitude of rapid pupil dilation did not differ from the untreated control eye, but sustained pupil dilation was reduced until the end of movement. These results suggest that the iris sphincter muscle, which is under the control of the parasympathetic pathway, is quickly modulated by the neuromodulator system and plays a major role in rapid pupil dilation. However, the iris dilator muscle receives signals from the neuromodulator system with a slow latency and is involved in maintaining sustained pupil dilation.

scholarly journals Gaze-angle dependency of pupil-size measurements in head-mounted eye tracking

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Petersch ◽  
Kai Dierkes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Pupil Size ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Optical Effects ◽  
Light Stimuli ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Gaze Angle

AbstractPupillometry - the study of temporal changes in pupil diameter as a function of external light stimuli or cognitive processing - requires the accurate and gaze-angle independent measurement of pupil dilation. Expected response amplitudes often are only a few percent relative to a pre-stimulus baseline, thus demanding for sub-millimeter accuracy. Video-based approaches to pupil-size measurement aim at inferring pupil dilation from eye images alone. Eyeball rotation in relation to the recording camera as well as optical effects due to refraction at corneal interfaces can, however, induce so-called pupil foreshortening errors (PFE), i.e. systematic gaze-angle dependent changes of apparent pupil size that are on a par with typical response amplitudes. While PFE and options for its correction have been discussed for remote eye trackers, for head-mounted eye trackers such an assessment is still lacking. In this work, we therefore gauge the extent of PFE in three measurement techniques, all based on eye images recorded with a single near-eye camera. We present both real world experimental data as well as results obtained on synthetically generated eye images. We discuss PFE effects at three different levels of data aggregation: the sample, subject, and population level. In particular, we show that a recently proposed refraction-aware approach employing a mathematical 3D eye model is successful in providing pupil-size measurements which are gaze-angle independent at the population level.

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON PUPIL SIZE CHANGES DETECTION ON MENTAL STRESS WITH MENTAL STRESSOR

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750011
Author(s):  
Poh Foong Lee ◽  
Khai Shan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Pupil Size ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Pupil Detection ◽  
Acquisition Device ◽  
Changes Detection ◽  
Proportional Relationship ◽  
Preliminary Study

This is a study on measuring the effect of stress that stimulated by the different difficulty of game level on pupil dilation. Playing games are claimed a method to distress in the community, however, this activity is enhancing stress level? The effect of the game playing on the changes of pupil dilation is unknown. An investigation was conducted on relating the changes of pupil diameter measurement at the different difficulty levels of the game. A simple tool was developed by using a webcam as image acquisition device together with MATLAB Image Processing Tool to analyze the acquired images. Here, experiments on the pupil detection algorithm, which consisted of four different methods are to work alternatively with one another and to provide higher chances of pupil detection. 10 subjects were involved in the experiments, which they were requested to play a selected game with four different ascending increased in difficulties, meanwhile, pupil size changes were measured simultaneously. The selected game served as a stress stimulus to the subjects. The result showed a positive proportional relationship between increased in game difficulty levels and pupil dilation. The investigation reported that the pupil dilated when the difficulty of game level increased. Limitation of this study is the sample size on the prototype testing should be increased to concrete the outcome.

Interindividual Differences in Cognitive Functioning Are Associated with Autobiographical Memory Retrieval Specificity in Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Peters ◽  
Signy Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Contextual Support

Abstract. We examined whether interindividual differences in cognitive functioning among older adults are related to episodic memory engagement during autobiographical memory retrieval. Older adults ( n = 49, 24 males; mean age = 69.93; mean education = 15.45) with different levels of cognitive functioning, estimated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), retrieved multiple memories (generation task) and the details of a single memory (elaboration task) to cues representing thematic or event-specific autobiographical knowledge. We found that the MoCA score positively predicted the proportion of specific memories for generation and episodic details for elaboration, but only to cues that represented event-specific information. The results demonstrate that individuals with healthy, but not unhealthy, cognitive status can leverage contextual support from retrieval cues to improve autobiographical specificity.

Autobiographical Memory Impairments as a Transdiagnostic Feature of Mental Illness: A meta-analysis of autobiographical memory specificity and overgenerality amongst people with psychiatric diagnoses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Joseph Barry ◽  
David John Hallford ◽  
Keisuke Takano
Keyword(s):  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Memory Impairments ◽  
Memory Specificity ◽  
Causal Mechanisms

Decades of research has examined the difficulty that people with psychiatric diagnoses, such as Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, have in recalling specific autobiographical memories from events that lasted less than a day. Instead, they seem to retrieve general events that have occurred many times or which occurred over longer periods of time, termed overgeneral memory. We present the first transdiagnostic meta-analysis of memory specificity/overgenerality, and the first meta-regression of proposed causal mechanisms. A keyword search of Embase, PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO databases yielded 74 studies that compared people with and without psychiatric diagnoses on the retrieval of specific (k = 85) or general memories (k = 56). Multi-level meta-analysis confirmed that people with psychiatric diagnoses typically recall fewer specific (g = -0.864, 95% CI[-1.030, -0.698]) and more general (g = .712, 95% CI[0.524, 0.900]) memories than diagnoses-free people. The size of these effects did not differ between diagnostic groups. There were no consistent moderators; effect sizes were not explained by methodological factors such as cue valence, or demographic variables such as participants’ age. There was also no support for the contribution of underlying processes that are thought to be involved in specific/general memory retrieval (e.g., rumination). Our findings confirm that deficits in autobiographical memory retrieval are a transdiagnostic factor associated with a broad range of psychiatric problems, but future research should explore novel causal mechanisms such as encoding deficits and the social processes involved in memory sharing and rehearsal.

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