Idiome und ihre kommunikative Leistung

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Dalmas ◽  
Dmitrij Dobrovol’skij
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
German Syntax

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to analyze the communicative function of idioms and their constituents in the information structure of an utterance. Usually idioms tend to occupy the final position in a sentence, which correlates with their inherent rhematic properties. However, structural transformations such as fronting, passivization and conversion can lead to changes in their communicative status. Among such changes, we single out (a) topicalization or thematization of the fronted sentence constituent, (b) its focusing or emphatic rhematization, (c) focusing of the postponed constituent, or (d) rhematization of the sentence as a whole, etc. In spite of their lexical stability, idioms make use of the possibilities provided by German syntax. This allows them to contribute to the communicative structuring of utterances.

NARRATIVE TOPIC IN ORAL STORIES BY PRESCHOOLERS AND YOUNGER SCHOOLERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (99) ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
POLINA M. EISMONT
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
School Age ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Text Organization ◽  
Primary School Age ◽  
Oral Stories

A narrative topic is a means of the communicative text organization, expressed by adverbs of place or time, that are located at the beginning of an utterance and do not carry any communicative function within the information structure of the utterance itself. An experimental study of oral unprepared stories produced by children of senior preschool and primary school age has shown that a narrative topic appears in their narratives only when the narrator cannot construct a text in advance and is forced to describe events simultaneously with their observation.

scholarly journals Subjektsegenskaper i förändring: Indefinita subjekt i fornsvenskt lagspråk

2019 ◽  
Vol NF 28 (2018) ◽  
pp. 112-141
Author(s):  
Minna Sandelin
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Old Swedish ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bare Nouns ◽  
The Law

In Old Swedish, the placement of the subject was tied to its function in the information structure of the clause: rhematic subjects, which are semantically indefinite and introduce a new referent to the text, were most often postverbal. The study analyses such subjects in Old Swedish legal language in relation to the order of constituents in the clause, the position of the clause in the text, and the structure of the subject. Three questions are posed: 1. What order of constituents is found in clauses with semantically indefinite subjects? 2. Do these clauses appear in initial, medial, or final position in paragraphs and subparagraphs? 3. What structure does a semantically indefinite subject have? The corpus consists of all main clauses (n=210) and subordinate clauses (n=28) with indefinite subjects in three sections of the Law of Uppland. An indefinite subject seldom (5.2%) appears in the preverbal position in main clauses, while this is common in subordinate clauses (71.4%). In over 93% of main clauses, the subject appears postverbally as the second or third constituent, but placement as the fourth constituent is rare. The main clauses are often verb-initial conditional clauses in which the preverbal position is not a possibility. The clauses tend to appear in initial or medial position in the text, in the introduction to a paragraph or a subparagraph. The subjects are mainly short, bare nouns, but they can also be combined with numerals, pronouns, or relative clauses.

scholarly journals Syntactic aspects of impaired speech in interface with prosody and information structure

Signótica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Filipe Lima e Silva
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Broca's Aphasia ◽  
Syntactic Structures ◽  
Common Parameter ◽  
Broca’S Aphasia ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Wernicke's Aphasia ◽  
Impaired Speech

This paper aims at studying how the syntactic component of language develops in the speech of people with Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia in interface with prosody and informational structure. The data consists of two short interviews in English with aphasic patients. Broca’s aphasia is characterized by the difficulty in processing and producing syntactic structures. In Wernicke’s aphasia, the semantic component is affected, which ends up generating a disconnected and meaningless speech. It was found that in Broca’s aphasia the patient marked some heads of English in final position – as head-final similar to languages like Japanese – instead of head-first, a common parameter of English. In Wernicke’s aphasia, there were some inadequacies in the use of adjuncts and complements that resulted in semantic anomalies.

scholarly journals The use of syntax and information structure during language comprehension: Evidence from structural priming

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayden Ziegler ◽  
Jesse Snedeker
Keyword(s):  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Structural Priming ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Thematic Role ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Situational Demands ◽  
Different Levels

Structural priming in comprehension seems to be more variable than in production. Sometimes it occurs without lexical overlap, sometimes it does not. This raises questions about the use of abstract syntactic structure and how it varies across tasks. We use a visual-world eye tracking judgment task and observe two kinds of priming effects. First, participants were more likely to switch to looking at the target referent immediately after the word when the syntactic structure of the target matched that of the prime. Second, participants also looked more to referents that could take on the thematic role that was in sentence-final position in the prime sentence, and thus in discourse focus. Critically, neither effect depended upon lexical overlap. Our results suggest that structural priming in comprehension manifests itself differently depending on situational demands, reflecting the activation of different levels of representation under different pressures.

scholarly journals Word Order Alignment in Three-Argument Constructions of Irish

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (11 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Brian Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Word Alignment ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Role And Reference Grammar ◽  
Reference Grammar ◽  
New Information ◽  
Irish Data

This study examines the ordering of the actor (A), theme (T) and recipient (R) arguments in three-argument clauses, the prepositional ditransitive constructions of Irish. The ordering of the A, T and R arguments in three-argument clauses is an area where linguistic complexity is manifest in the Irish grammar. Across languages, the factors which influence word order adjustments, from a basic word order of A-T-R, are known to include iconicity, information structure and topicalisation, the distinction between given and new information, the effects of the various referential hierarchies, and syntactic weight. We show that some, but not all, of these apply to the Irish data. Under certain conditions, the word order of these Irish three-argument clauses changes in a different alignment. Specifically, if the T is an accusative pronoun then the word order alignment changes and consequently the T occurs after the R in clause final position, yielding an A R-T word order. We argue that post-positioning of the theme PN is due to the alignment effects that can be explained by reference to the nominal and person hierarchies, and their intersection with the principle of syntactic weight. The Irish grammar seems to be disposed to place the accusative object PN T in clause final position in word order, adding an imposed salience. We characterise the effects of the nominal and person hierarchies, and syntactic weight, on word order within these constructions. We use elements of the functional model of Role and Reference Grammar in this characterisation. These word alignment effects raise important questions of the distribution of linguistic complexity across the grammar of Irish, and the interfaces between semantics, and syntax, as well as information structure.

Auch früher wollte man informieren – Zum Einfluss der Informationsstruktur auf die Syntax in der Geschichte des Deutschen

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Augustin Speyer
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Old High German ◽  
Structural Ordering ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structural Assignment ◽  
Structural Dimensions ◽  
Special Information ◽  
Structural Category ◽  
German Syntax

AbstractTheoretical insights achieved by research on information structure in the past 30 years have recently begun to be adopted by researchers working diachronically on German syntax. Several aspects, especially to Old High German syntax, have been investigated, but there are many desiderata and a synthesis is still missing. From these studies we can say that the influence of information structure on syntax has changed: While in Old High German all ‘fields’ of the clause have a special information structural assignment (up to the point that the presence/absence of a field is correlated to the presence/absence of a certain information structural category), in Modern German the prefield and the afterfield are multifunctional, whereas information structural ordering occurs only in the middle field. Some information structural dimensions have gained importance, e. g. the old-new distinction for object order.

Structural Transformation of a Germanium Σ=13 (510) [001] Tilt Grain Boundary under the Electron Beam

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Rouvière ◽  
Alain Bourret
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Transformations ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Tilt Grain Boundary

The possible structural transformations during the sample preparations and the sample observations are important issues in electron microscopy. Several publications of High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) have reported that structural transformations and evaporation of the thin parts of a specimen could happen in the microscope. Diffusion and preferential etchings could also occur during the sample preparation.Here we report a structural transformation of a germanium Σ=13 (510) [001] tilt grain boundary that occurred in a medium-voltage electron microscopy (JEOL 400KV).Among the different (001) tilt grain boundaries whose atomic structures were entirely determined by High Resolution Electron Microscopy (Σ = 5(310), Σ = 13 (320), Σ = 13 (510), Σ = 65 (1130), Σ = 25 (710) and Σ = 41 (910), the Σ = 13 (510) interface is the most interesting. It exhibits two kinds of structures. One of them, the M-structure, has tetracoordinated covalent bonds and is periodic (fig. 1). The other, the U-structure, is also tetracoordinated but is not strictly periodic (fig. 2). It is composed of a periodically repeated constant part that separates variable cores where some atoms can have several stable positions. The M-structure has a mirror glide symmetry. At Scherzer defocus, its HREM images have characteristic groups of three big white dots that are distributed on alternatively facing right and left arcs (fig. 1). The (001) projection of the U-structure has an apparent mirror symmetry, the portions of good coincidence zones (“perfect crystal structure”) regularly separate the variable cores regions (fig. 2).

Mislocalization of the Initial and Final Position of a Moving Stimulus

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Musseler ◽  
Sonja Stork ◽  
Dirk Kerzel ◽  
J. Scott Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Final Position ◽  
Moving Stimulus
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