scholarly journals Towards a More Well-Founded Cosmology

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1005-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Traunmüller
Keyword(s):  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Empirical Science ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Modified Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Universe Expand ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

AbstractFirst, this paper broaches the definition of science and the epistemic yield of tenets and approaches: phenomenological (descriptive only), well founded (solid first principles, conducive to deep understanding), provisional (falsifiable if universal, verifiable if existential), and imaginary (fictitious entities or processes, conducive to empirically unsupported beliefs). The Big Bang paradigm and the ΛCDM ‘concordance model’ involve such beliefs: the emanation of the universe out of a non-physical stage, cosmic inflation (hardly testable), Λ (fictitious energy), and ‘exotic’ dark matter. They fail in the confidence check that empirical science requires. They also face a problem in delimiting what expands from what does not. In the more well-founded cosmology that emerges, energy is conserved, the universe is persistent (not transient), and the ‘perfect cosmological principle’ holds. Waves and other field perturbations that propagate at c (the escape velocity of the universe) expand exponentially with distance. This results from gravitation. The galaxy web does not expand. Potential Φ varies as −H/(cz) instead of −1/r. Inertial forces reflect gradients present in comoving frames of accelerated bodies (interaction with the rest of the universe – not with space). They are increased where the universe appears blue-shifted and decreased more than proportionately at very low accelerations. A cut-off acceleration a0 = 0.168 cH is deduced. This explains the successful description of galaxy rotation curves by “Modified Newtonian Dynamics”. A fully elaborated physical theory is still pending. The recycling of energy via a cosmic ocean filled with photons (the cosmic microwave background), neutrinos and gravitons, and the wider implications for science are briefly discussed.

Deuterium in the Galaxy

1977 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Baryon Density ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Mass Fractions ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Sensitive Function ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Deuterium Production ◽  
The Universe

There have been a number of attempts made in the last decade or two to observe deuterium in parts of the universe other than here in Earth. It is of interest merely to detect deuterium elsewhere just as it is to detect the occurrence of any nuclide. However in the case of deuterium there is a special interest because in big-bang cosmologies the great majority of deuterium in the universe is considered to have been formed in the initial fireball (Wagoner, 1973). Any observation of the present abundance of deuterium thus might give information about the very early stages of the creation of the universe. Detailed studies of nucleosynthesis during the early expansion of hot big-bang universes have however indicated a particular feature of deuterium production. (Fig. 1) The mass fraction produced X(D) is a very sensitive function of the size of the universe, as measured say by the present baryon density ϱb. Other nuclides that are mainly produced in the early expansion, such as 4He, have mass fractions less dependent on ϱb. Thus if we adopt the big-bang model for our universe we can determine ϱb from observations of X(D). Apart from any intrinsic interest in the present density of the’universe, there is considerable interest in whether the value is great enough for the present expansion to halt and go over to a collapse — or so small that the expansion of the universe will go on forever.

scholarly journals Large Scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation ◽  
Cosmological Data ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

It is now generally accepted that the microwave background radiation, discovered in 1965 (Penzias and Wilson, 1965; Dicke et al., 1965), is cosmological in origin. Measurements of the spectrum of the radiation, discussed earlier in this volume by Blair, are consistent with the idea that the radiation is in fact a relic of a hot, dense, initial state of the Universe – the Big Bang. If the radiation is cosmological, measurements of both its spectrum and its angular distribution are capable of providing important – and remarkably precise – cosmological data.

scholarly journals Dark Matter in the Universe

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera C. Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Deceleration Parameter ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Theoretical Cosmology ◽  
Observational Cosmology ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Thirty years ago, observational cosmology consisted of the search for two numbers: Ho, the rate of expansion of the universe at the position of the Galaxy; and qo, the deceleration parameter. Twenty years ago, the discovery of the relic radiation from the Big Bang produced another number, 3oK. But it is the past decade which has seen the enormous development in both observational and theoretical cosmology. The universe is known to be immeasurably richer and more varied than we had thought. There is growing acceptance of a universe in which most of the matter is not luminous. Nature has played a trick on astronomers, for we thought we were studying the universe. We now know that we were studying only the small fraction of it that is luminous. I suspect that this talk this evening is the first IAU Discourse devoted to something that astronomers cannot see at any wavelength: Dark Matter in the Universe.

The Battle for the Cosmos!

2019 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
George Gamow ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Fred Hoyle ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.

scholarly journals Of Cosmic Background Anisotropies

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 31-44
Author(s):  
G.F. Smoot
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Large Scale Structure Formation

Observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation have put the standard model of cosmology, the Big Bang, on firm footing and provide tests of various ideas of large scale structure formation. CMB observations now let us test the role of gravity and General Relativity in cosmology including the geometry, topology, and dynamics of the Universe. Foreground galactic emissions, dust thermal emission and emission from energetic electrons, provide a serious limit to observations. Nevertheless, observations may determine if the evolution of the Universe can be understood from fundamental physical principles.

scholarly journals Development of George Gamow to the «Theory of great explosion»

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
K. Sinyagina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
George Gamow ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The City ◽  
The Universe

This article considers the key-ideas for modern scientific understanding of the origin and evolution of the Universe. George Gamow is one of the first scientists to create the theory of the Big Bang the theory of great explosion. Gamow is a famous physicist who came from the city of Odessa (Ukraine) andgot interested in the origin of chemical elements. He suggested that in the past of the Universe before it had been created by the «Big Bang» (the theory of great explosion), the Universe had had much more substantial density and higher temperature than now. He was the first person to focus on unique properties of the Universe and to suggest existence of cosmic microwave background (CMB). The following disclosure of the CMB started the era of modern cosmology.

scholarly journals КВАЗАРИ І РЕГЕНЕРАЦІЯ ВОДНЮ. ЧАСТИНА 2.

2019 ◽  
pp. 190-201
Author(s):  
Анатолий Николаевич Нарожный
Keyword(s):  
Active Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Galactic Nuclei ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Residual Hydrogen ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Intergalactic Space ◽  
Galactic Astronomy ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

Further consequences of the mechanisms of hydrogen regeneration, which are realized in large galaxies during the period of activity of their nuclei, are considered. In addition to the indirect evidence presented in the first part and related to the work of the structures forming the jets, this part of the article considers direct evidence of the existence of these processes in galaxies. The evidence given is based on emissions of regenerated hydrogen into galactic and intergalactic space, as shown by astronomical observations of the Galaxy and its closest surroundings. Evidence is also found among the general observational data of intergalactic astronomy, the origin of which is well explained in the framework of the approach presented. However, these data are traditionally viewed through the prism of the dominant concept, that is, they are interpreted as residual hydrogen, which appeared from the Big Bang. Among the results of galactic astronomy there are data showing the possible contribution of the processes under consideration to the formation of the observable structure of the Milky Way, as well as their involvement in the organization of its satellite galaxies. The criterion is given, according to which galactic gas clouds and star groups can be distinguished, organized from the galaxy's own matter during the period of activity of its nucleus. Using the example of a spiral galaxy, it is suggested that the active galactic nuclei might be involved in the formation of the morphology of the galaxy. It is concluded that the central supermassive object in the period of its activity, performs its main galactic function - carries out the processing of waste of stars in the galaxy. This inverse process closes the chain of the continuous life cycle of the galaxy, which consists of two interrelated processes. The first process is the continuous burning of hydrogen in the stars, and the second is the episodic activity of the galactic nucleus, as a result of which hydrogen is recovered from the "waste", necessary to support direct stellar processes. One more process joins these two processes - the process of returning the energy expended by baryonic matter to electromagnetic radiation. It is realized through the dark component of matter. The main conclusion is made - the Universe as a system is well organized and self-sufficient for its eternal existence, and it does not need any external motivation.

scholarly journals Does standard cosmology really predict the cosmic microwave background?

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 261
Author(s):  
Hartmut Traunmüller
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Microwave Background ◽  
Boundary Surface ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Standard Cosmology ◽  
Return Path ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

In standard Big Bang cosmology, the universe expanded from a very dense, hot and opaque initial state. The light that was last scattered about 380,000 years later, when the universe had become transparent, has been redshifted and is now seen as thermal radiation with a temperature of 2.7 K, the cosmic microwave background (CMB). However, since light escapes faster than matter can move, it is prudent to ask how we, made of matter from this very source, can still see the light. In order for this to be possible, the light must take a return path of the right length. A curved return path is possible in spatially closed, balloon-like models, but in standard cosmology, the universe is “flat” rather than balloon-like, and it lacks a boundary surface that might function as a reflector. Under these premises, radiation that once filled the universe homogeneously cannot do so permanently after expansion, and we cannot see the last scattering event. It is shown that the traditional calculation of the CMB temperature is inappropriate and that light emitted by any source inside the Big Bang universe earlier than half its “conformal age” can only become visible to us via a return path. Although often advanced as the best evidence for a hot Big Bang, the CMB actually tells against a formerly smaller universe and so do also distant galaxies.

Cosmology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Manton ◽  
Nicholas Mee
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Newtonian Gravity ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Cosmological Redshift ◽  
Frw Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

This chapter is about the large-scale structure of the universe, how it is described in general relativity and recent advances in determining the cosmological parameters. The Hubble distance–redshift relationship is discussed. The assumptions of the FRW cosmologies are presented and the FRW solutions of Einstein equation are derived. The FRW model is interpreted in terms of Newtonian gravity. Cosmological redshift is explained. The evidence for dark matter and its possible origin are discussed. The evidence for the Big Bang is presented, including the cosmic microwave background and the latest measurements of the CMB by the Planck probe. The evidence for dark energy is discussed, along with its interpretation as an FRW cosmology with a non-zero cosmological constant. Computer models of galaxy formation are discussed. Outstanding cosmological puzzles are presented along with their possible solution by inflationary models.

Linear Growth of Cosmological Perturbations

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Loeb ◽  
Steven R. Furlanetto
Keyword(s):  
Galaxy Formation ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Cosmological Recombination ◽  
Small Density ◽  
Evolution Of Structure ◽  
First Galaxies ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

This chapter shows that, after cosmological recombination, the Universe had entered the “dark ages,” during which the relic cosmic microwave background (CMB) light from the Big Bang gradually faded away. During this “pregnancy” period (which lasted hundreds of millions of years), the seeds of small density fluctuations planted by inflation in the matter distribution grew until they eventually collapsed to make the first galaxies. In addition to the density evolution, the second key “initial condition” for galaxy formation is the temperature of the hydrogen and helium gas that had likewise collapsed into the first galaxies. Here, the chapter describes the first stages of these processes and introduces the methods conventionally used to describe the fluctuations. It follows the evolution of structure in the linear regime, when the perturbations are small.

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