Bipolar cell pathways for color vision in non-primate dichromats

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIAN PULLER ◽  
SILKE HAVERKAMP
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Pathways ◽  
Retinal Information Processing ◽  
Cone Opsins ◽  
Retinal Information

AbstractColor vision in mammals is based on the expression of at least two cone opsins that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Furthermore, retinal pathways conveying color-opponent signals are required for color discrimination. Most of the primates are trichromats, and “color-coded channels” of their retinas are unveiled to a large extent. In contrast, knowledge of cone-selective pathways in nonprimate dichromats is only slowly emerging, although retinas of dichromats like mice or rats are extensively studied as model systems for retinal information processing. Here, we review recent progress of research on color-coded pathways in nonprimate dichromats to identify differences or similarities between di- and trichromatic mammals. In addition, we applied immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy to retinas of different species and present data on their neuronal properties, which are expected to contribute to color vision. Basic neuronal features such as the “blue cone bipolar cell” exist in every species investigated so far. Moreover, there is increasing evidence for chromatic OFF channels in dichromats and retinal ganglion cells that relay color-opponent signals to the brain. In conclusion, di- and trichromats share similar retinal pathways for color transmission and processing.

Rabbit retinal ganglion cell responses to nicotine can be mediated by β2-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIANNE E. STRANG ◽  
FRANKLIN R. AMTHOR ◽  
KENT T. KEYSER
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Nicotinic Acetylcholine ◽  
Direct Excitation ◽  
Immunohistochemical Evidence ◽  
Retinal Information Processing ◽  
Retinal Information

Acetylcholine (ACh) affects the response properties of many retinal ganglion cells (GCs) through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). To date there have been few studies directly correlating the expression of specific nAChR subtypes with the physiological and morphological characteristics of specific retinal GCs. This study was designed to correlate responses to nicotine application with immunohistochemical evidence of nAChR expression in physiologically and morphologically identified ganglion cells. Extracellular recordings were used to physiologically identify rabbit retinal GCs, based on responses to light stimulation. Cells were then tested for responses to nicotine application and/or for expression of nAChRs, as judged by immunoreactivity to mAb210, an nAChR antibody. The morphologies of many physiologically identified cells were also determined by dye injection. More than three-fourths of ganglion cells tested responded to nicotine application under cobalt-induced synaptic blockade. The nicotine sensitivity was consistent with nAChR immunoreactivity and was also correlated with specific morphological subgroups of GCs. Overall, approximately two-thirds of all physiologically identified GCs that were processed for immunohistochemistry displayed immunoreactivity. In total, 18 of 22 physiologically identified cells demonstrated both sensitivity to nicotine application under synaptic blockade and mAb210 immunoreactivity (mAb210-IR). Thus, mAb210-IR is likely to represent functional nAChRs that can modulate retinal information processing and visual functioning via direct excitation of a number of GC classes.

scholarly journals Connexin 36 and rod bipolar cell independent rod pathways drive retinal ganglion cells and optokinetic reflexes

2016 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 99-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron S. Cowan ◽  
Muhammad Abd-El-Barr ◽  
Meike van der Heijden ◽  
Eric M. Lo ◽  
David Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Connexin 36

scholarly journals The Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) and p53 Regulate Mammalian PNS and CNS Axon Regeneration downstream of c-Myc

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Jin Ma ◽  
Ren-Jie Xu ◽  
Xin Ju ◽  
Wei-Hua Wang ◽  
Zong-Ping Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Axon Regeneration ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Sensory Axon ◽  
P53 Signaling ◽  
The Central Nervous System

SummaryAlthough several genes have been identified to promote axon regeneration in the central nervous system, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated is still limited and fragmented. Here by using sensory axon and optic nerve regeneration as model systems, we revealed an unexpected role of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in regulation of axon regeneration. We also provided strong evidence that TERT and p53 acted downstream of c-Myc to control sensory axon regeneration. More importantly, overexpression of p53 in sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was sufficient to promote sensory axon and optic never regeneration, respectively. The study revealed a novel c-Myc-TERT-p53 signaling pathway, expanding horizons for novel approaches promoting CNS axon regeneration.

scholarly journals Cell atlas of aqueous humor outflow pathways in eyes of humans and four model species provides insight into glaucoma pathogenesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (19) ◽  
pp. 10339-10349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tavé van Zyl ◽  
Wenjun Yan ◽  
Alexi McAdams ◽  
Yi-Rong Peng ◽  
Karthik Shekhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cynomolgus Macaque ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Aqueous Humor Outflow

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) represents a major risk factor for glaucoma, a prevalent eye disease characterized by death of retinal ganglion cells; lowering IOP is the only proven treatment strategy to delay disease progression. The main determinant of IOP is the equilibrium between production and drainage of aqueous humor, with compromised drainage generally viewed as the primary contributor to dangerous IOP elevations. Drainage occurs through two pathways in the anterior segment of the eye called conventional and uveoscleral. To gain insights into the cell types that comprise these pathways, we used high-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq). From ∼24,000 single-cell transcriptomes, we identified 19 cell types with molecular markers for each and used histological methods to localize each type. We then performed similar analyses on four organisms used for experimental studies of IOP dynamics and glaucoma: cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), pig (Sus scrofa), and mouse (Mus musculus). Many human cell types had counterparts in these models, but differences in cell types and gene expression were evident. Finally, we identified the cell types that express genes implicated in glaucoma in all five species. Together, our results provide foundations for investigating the pathogenesis of glaucoma and for using model systems to assess mechanisms and potential interventions.

The Retinal Basis of Vertebrate Color Vision

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Baden ◽  
D. Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Color Processing ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of photoreceptor spectral sensitivities is documented for many vertebrate lineages, giving insight into the ecological adaptation of color vision. Beyond the photoreceptors, retinal color processing is best understood in mammals, especially the blueONsystem, which opposes short- against long-wavelength receptor responses. For other vertebrates that often have three or four types of cone pigment, new findings from zebrafish are extending older work on teleost fish and reptiles to reveal rich color circuitry. Here, horizontal cells establish diverse and complex spectral responses even in photoreceptor outputs. Cone-selective connections to bipolar cells then set up color-opponent synaptic layers in the inner retina, which lead to a large variety of color-opponent channels for transmission to the brain via retinal ganglion cells.

scholarly journals Differential expression of PKCα and -β in the zebrafish retina

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion F. Haug ◽  
Manuela Berger ◽  
Matthias Gesemann ◽  
Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Tissue ◽  
Kinase C

AbstractThe retina is a complex neural circuit in which visual information is transmitted and processed from light perceiving photoreceptors to projecting retinal ganglion cells. Much of the computational power of the retina rests on signal integrating interneurons, such as bipolar cells in the outer retina. While mammals possess about 10 different bipolar cell types, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has at least six ON-type, seven OFF-type, and four mixed-input bipolar cells. Commercially available antibodies against bovine and human conventional protein kinase C (PKC) α and -β are frequently used as markers for retinal ON-bipolar cells in different species, despite the fact that it is not known which bipolar cell subtype(s) they actually label.Moreover, the expression pattern of the five prkc genes (coding for PKC proteins) has not been systematically determined. While prkcg is not expressed in retinal tissue, the other four prkc (prkcaa, prkcab, prkcba, prkcbb) transcripts were found in different parts of the inner nuclear layer and some as well in the retinal ganglion cell layer.Immunohistochemical analysis in adult zebrafish retina using PKCα and PKCβ antibodies showed an overlapping immunolabeling of ON-bipolar cells that are most likely of the BON s6L or RRod type and of the BON s6 type. However, comparison of transcript expression with immunolabling, implies that these antibodies are not specific for one single zebrafish conventional PKC, but rather detect a combination of PKC -α and -β variants.

scholarly journals Differential stimulation of the retina with glutamate toward a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corey M. Rountree ◽  
Samsoon Inayat ◽  
John B. Troy ◽  
Laxman Saggere
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Retinal Prostheses ◽  
Retinal Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Normal Means ◽  
Retinal Pathways ◽  
Pulsatile Delivery ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACTSubretinal stimulation of the retina with neurotransmitters, the normal means of conveying visual information, is a potentially better alternative to electrical stimulation widely used in current retinal prostheses for treating blindness from photoreceptor degenerative diseases. Yet, no retinal stimulation study exploiting the inner retinal pathways exists. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of differentially stimulating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through the inner nuclear layer of the retina with glutamate, a primary neurotransmitter chemical, in a biomimetic way. We show that controlled pulsatile delivery of glutamate into the subsurface of explanted wild-type rat retinas elicits highly localized simultaneous inhibitory and excitatory spike rate responses in OFF and ON RGCs. We also present the spatiotemporal characteristics of RGC responses to subretinally injected glutamate and the therapeutic stimulation parameters. Our findings could pave the way for future development of a neurotransmitter-based subretinal prosthesis offering more naturalistic vision and better visual acuity than electrical prostheses.

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