scholarly journals Liberalization by Exhaustion: Transformative Change in the German Welfare State and Vocational Training System

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius R. Busemeyer ◽  
Christine Trampusch
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Comparative Method ◽  
Training System ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
Endogenous Negative Feedback

This article argues that tiro core domains of the German coordinated market economy have undergone transformative institutional change: the welfare stale and the vocational training system. We argue that this process is best described as a process of liberalization resulting from the exhaustion of traditional institutions. Exhaustion describes a mechanism of institutional change in which endogenous negative feedback effects, caused by the over extension of resources, lead to a transformation of the formerly symmetrical and consensual relationship between the state, employers and unions into an asymmetrical and conflictual one. The article contributes to the analysis of institutional change and applies the comparative method of the “parallel demonstration of theory”.

Negative feedback effects of oestradiol-17ß on luteinizing hormone in female rhesus monkeys under different seasonal conditions

1985 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
J. G. Herndon ◽  
M. S. Blank ◽  
D. R. Mann ◽  
D. C. Collins ◽  
J.J. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Time Of Year

Abstract. Suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) by sc implanted oestradiol-17ß (E2) pellets was examined in 4 ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys during the breeding season, the non-breeding season and during the transition between the breeding and non-breeding season. Immunoreactive LH was suppressed to 58, 78 and 75% of untreated levels for the respective seasonal conditions. Bioactive LH was suppressed to 29, 49 and 33% of baseline. Bioactive LH (determined by testoster-one release from rat interstital cells) was significantly correlated (r = 0.84) with immunoactive LH from the same samples. It is concluded that E2 treatment of ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys results in suppressed levels of LH, regardless of the time of year.

The Emergence of a Capital Market in Rural Massachusetts, 1730–1838

1985 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winifred B. Rothenberg
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Transactions Costs ◽  
Regional Capital

This study is part of a continuing effort to document and date the emergence of a market economy in rural Massachusetts. It uses a probate data base to test for evidence of increased portfolio liquidity, decreased transactions costs, and the appearance of developmental institutional change. A regional capital market, so critical for the industrialization of New England, is found to have emerged in the early 1780s.

FEEDBACK EFFECTS OF THYROXINE ON THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY OF GOLDFISH, CARASSIUS AURATUS

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. PETER
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Carassius Auratus ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Thyroid Activity ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus ◽  
Positive Feedback Effect

SUMMARY The effect on thyroid activity of a systemically ineffective dose of thyroxine (T4) implanted in the hypothalamus or pituitary of goldfish was tested. Thyroid activity was decreased by T4 implantation in either location, indicating that T4 has a negative feedback effect on the pituitary causing a decrease in thyrotrophin secretion, and a positive feedback effect on the hypothalamus stimulating the secretion of thyrotrophin inhibitory factor (TIF). Fish with a T4 or blank-control implant in the pituitary that had a damaged pituitary stalk, as a result of the operative procedures, were hyperthyroid, suggesting either that TIF is more effective in suppressing thyrotroph activity than T4 and that the effect of T4 was masked by the absence of TIF, or, less likely, that T4 negative feedback in the pituitary is not effective independent of TIF. The results were compared with the information about T4 feedback in mammals.

CATECHOL OESTROGENS AND GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN THE EWE: AFFINITY FOR PITUITARY OESTROGEN RECEPTORS IN VITRO AND ACTION ON GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION IN VIVO

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. CLARKE ◽  
J. K. FINDLAY
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Oestrogen Receptor ◽  
Dose Response Relationship ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Dependent Relationship ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Dose Dependent

The binding of three catechol oestrogens, 2-OH-oestradiol-17β, 4-OH-oestrone and 2-OH-oestrone, to the ovine pituitary oestrogen receptor was measured in vitro to establish doses for the assessment of the effects of catechol oestrogens in vivo. Relative to oestradiol (100%) the compounds had receptor affinities of 30, 20 and 5% respectively. A dose of oestradiol sufficient to cause negative-feedback effects on the secretion of LH and FSH in ovariectomized ewes was established by intracarotid (i.c.) injections of 0·625–5·0 μg/dose (n = 3), and by measuring plasma levels of gonadotrophins in jugular venous samples taken at intervals of 20 min from 3 h before until 4 h after injection. A dose-dependent relationship (r = 0·88, P<0·001) was found for oestradiol and plasma LH levels. Plasma FSH was slightly (12–25%) but significantly (P<0·05) reduced by doses of 1·25–5·0 μg oestradiol, but no dose–response relationship was observed. Ovariectomized ewes (n = 4/group) were given 2·5 μg oestradiol (i.c.) simultaneously with 83 μg 2-OH-oestradiol, 125 μg 4-OH-oestrone or 500 μg 2-OH-oestrone. These doses of catechol oestrogens were chosen as being ten times that of oestradiol, with the relative affinities for oestrogen receptor taken into account. Concurrent administration of such doses of catechol oestrogens had no effect on the negative-feedback action of oestradiol in vivo. We have concluded that catechol oestrogens in the circulation probably do not modulate the action of oestradiol on release of LH or FSH; this does not preclude a possible role for them as locally produced regulators of oestrogen action.

The promises and pitfalls of path dependence frameworks for analyzing penal change

2021 ◽  
pp. 146247452110435
Author(s):  
Ashley T Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Mechanisms Of Change ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
Change Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Although the study of penal changes throughout history is central to punishment studies, the field has taken little from historical institutionalists’ theories of institutional change. One of the most relevant such theories is path dependence. This article outlines path dependence frameworks’ most fruitful elements for studying penal change. Drawing on foundational political science and historical sociology texts, as well as several punishment scholars’ works, this article highlights the advantages of thinking through stasis and change, mechanisms of inertia such as feedback effects, and exogenous shocks. While path dependence offers a powerful framework, it can also be an unsatisfying explanation at times, particularly when path dependence is itself a seemingly uphill battle, when apparent stasis hides ongoing change, or when institutions survive hypothesized mechanisms of change. This paper closes by discussing some ways in which punishment scholars can strengthen the path dependence framework by blending it with recent theoretical developments in the punishment studies field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document