scholarly journals Classes of Labour in India: A Review Essay

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Breman
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
Labour Process ◽  
Informal Labour ◽  
A Minor

From the very beginning of my writing on the regime of informality I have rejected the notion of a dichotomy between formal and informal labour relations. The fracturing solidifies a differentiated absorption in the labour process – own-account workers versus waged labourers, regular against casual employment, replacement of sedentary engagement in paid work by footloose mobility – and all of this culminating in divergent patterns of livelihood and lifestyles. It is along these lines that I have split up “informality” class-wise, following up on the contention that rather than juxtaposing the working class as an amalgamated lot, there are indeed diverse classes of labour with distinct identities. The way in which differentiation has come about cannot only be comprehended in terms of social class-based alignments but also finds expression in an axis of steep inequality. It is a ranked order taking the shape of a class–caste nexus and makes clear how corresponding trajectories of accumulation and dispossession operate in tandem. The backdrop to this essay is the process of informalisation pushed by the stakeholders of globalised capitalism from the early 1970s onwards. The shift away from the regime of formality which used to be enjoyed by a minor segment of India’s mega-workforce has in many instances ended their privileged employment, legal protection and social security, tearing up the domains in which labour moves around.

scholarly journals Re-Imagining Social Mobility: The Role of Relationality, Social Class and Place in Qualitative Constructions of Mobility

2021 ◽  
pp. 136078042098512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Folkes
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Ontological Security ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Key Techniques ◽  
Class Community

Discussions around social mobility have increasingly gained traction in both political and academic circles in the last two decades. The current, established conceptualisation of social mobility reduces ‘success’ down to individual level of educational achievement, occupational position and income, focusing on the successful few who rise up and move out. For many in working-class communities, this discourse is undesirable or antithetical to everyday life. Drawing upon 13 interviews with 9 families collected as part of an ethnographic study, this article asks, ‘how were social (im)mobility narratives and notions of value constructed by residents of one working-class community?’ Its findings highlight how alternative narratives of social (im)mobility were constructed; emphasising the value of fixity, anchorage, and relationality. Three key techniques were used by participants when constructing social (im)mobility narratives: the born and bred narrative; distancing from education as a route to mobility; and the construction of a distinct working-class discourse of fulfilment. Participants highlighted the value of anchorage to place and kinship, where fulfilment results from finding ontological security. The findings demonstrate that residents of a working-class community constructed alternative social mobility narratives using a relational selfhood model that held local value. This article makes important contributions to the theorisation of social mobility in which it might be understood as a collective rather than individual endeavour, improving entire communities that seek ontological security instead of social class movement and dislocation.

Social Class and Code Elaboration in Oral Communication

1971 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 421-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent E. Poole ◽  
T. W. Field
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Class Groups ◽  
Parental Occupation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Linguistic Coding

The Bernstein thesis of elaborated and restricted coding orientation in oral communication was explored at an Australian tertiary institute. A working-class/middle-class dichotomy was established on the basis of parental occupation and education, and differences in overall coding orientation were found to be associated with social class. This study differed from others in the area in that the social class groups were contrasted in the totality of their coding orientation on the elaborated/restricted continuum, rather than on discrete indices of linguistic coding.

‘I don’t want to go to a crummy little university’: social class, higher education choice and the paradox of widening participation

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Byrom
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Young People ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Summer School ◽  
Widening Participation ◽  
Education Choice ◽  
School Based ◽  
Institutional Habitus ◽  
Participation In Higher Education

Whilst there has been growing attention paid to the imbalance of Higher Education (HE) applications according to social class, insufficient attention has been paid to the successful minority of working-class young people who do secure places in some of the UK’s leading HE institutions. In particular, the influence and nature of pre-university interventions on such students’ choice of institution has been under-explored. Data from an ESRC-funded PhD study of 16 young people who participated in a Sutton Trust Summer School are used to illustrate how the effects of a school-based institutional habitus and directed intervention programmes can be instrumental in guiding student choices and decisions relating to participation in Higher Education.

Social class, intensive parenting norms and parental values for children

2021 ◽  
pp. 001139212110485
Author(s):  
Trevor Tsz-lok Lee
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Academic Excellence ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Competing Values ◽  
Parental Values ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Value Choices ◽  
Intensive Parenting

As the global trend towards both middle- and working-class families raising their children intensively increases, social class differences in parenting beliefs and choices for their children have become more subtle. In light of the proliferation of intensive parenting norms, however, few studies have explored particular mechanisms underlying the subtle class differences linked to parental values. Drawing on in-depth interviews of 51 Hong Kong Chinese parents, this study investigated how parents contended with competing values in socialization, which in turn shaped their parenting choices. Three common values emerged from the interviews – academic excellence, hard work and happiness – showing that the middle and working classes managed their values for children in two different ways, termed here as ‘values coupling’ and ‘values juggling’, respectively. Middle-class parents were able to make their value choices cohesive through a ‘twist’ to reconcile between competing values. However, working-class parents were inclined to ‘drift’ their value choices in the face of unreconciled value tensions as well as structural constraints. Subtle differences in parental values were found to be tied to class position, and contributed to maintaining class inequality and social reproduction.

scholarly journals Social-Class Disparities in Higher Education and Professional Workplaces: The Role of Cultural Mismatch

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Stephens ◽  
Sarah S. M. Townsend ◽  
Andrea G. Dittmann
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Cultural Models ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Cultural Barrier ◽  
Cultural Mismatch ◽  
Cultural Ideal ◽  
Key Sites ◽  
And Performance

Differences in structural resources and individual skills contribute to social-class disparities in both U.S. gateway institutions of higher education and professional workplaces. People from working-class contexts also experience cultural barriers that maintain these disparities. In this article, we focus on one critical cultural barrier—the cultural mismatch between (a) the independent cultural norms prevalent in middle-class contexts and U.S. institutions and (b) the interdependent norms common in working-class contexts. In particular, we explain how cultural mismatch can fuel social-class disparities in higher education and professional workplaces. First, we explain how different social-class contexts tend to reflect and foster different cultural models of self. Second, we outline how higher education and professional workplaces often prioritize independence as the cultural ideal. Finally, we describe two key sites of cultural mismatch—norms for understanding the self and interacting with others—and explain their consequences for working-class people’s access to and performance in gateway institutions.

scholarly journals Regulating Labour Relations in China : The Challenge of Adapting to the Socialist Market Economy

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-775
Author(s):  
Pitman B. Potter ◽  
Li Jianyong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Labour Law ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Socialist Market Economy ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Socialist Market

This paper examines the new Labour Law of the PRC, effective January 1, 1995, in the light of current and historical conditions of labour relations in China. Provisions regarding the labour contract system and dispute resolution are discussed in greater detail. Issues related to the introduction of collective bargaining and to the relationship between trade unions and the Communist Party are also examined. In their overall assessment, the authors recognize the potential significance of the Labour Law as a major step towards the legal protection of workers' rights, but point out that its effectiveness could be undermined by the preeminent policy of economic growth, by concerns about political control, and by obstacles to full implementation.

scholarly journals Legal Peculiarities of Child Custody of Minor Parents with an Incomplete Parental Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Ekaterina E. Lekanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Minor Parent ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Guardian ◽  
Family Code

Despite the existence of an article in modern Russian legislation on the legal status of minor parents, many legal issues related to the implementation and protection of the rights, duties, interests of a minor parent and his child remained outside family legal regulation, which exacerbates the already difficult problem of legal protection of early parenthood. Moreover, the provisions of Article 62 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation are very inharmoniously combined with the rules of guardianship of minors. The aim of the work is to analyze the legislation on the legal status of minor parents and guardians, to identify the legal characteristics of the care of a child of minor parents. The author concludes that the features of the care of a child of minor parents, in addition to the age of one or both parents, in the case of the appointment of a guardian include: a combination of parenthood and guardianship; unequal opportunities for the care of a child by a minor parent who is not able to independently provide care, and by the legal representative of the child of the minor parent; special (additional) grounds for terminating guardianship of a child of minor parents; the need for the guardian to live together not only with the child in care, but also with his parent. The norms of paragraph 2 of article 62 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation and paragraph 2 of article 29 of the Federal law «On Guardianship and Custodianship» should be adjusted. It is proposed to introduce special rules for the selection of the guardian of a child of a minor parent, which would properly ensure the right of the minor parent to live together with the child.

scholarly journals Time and money explain social class differences in students’ social integration at university.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Working Class Students ◽  
Exclusion Effect

Working-class students tend to be less socially integrated at university than middle-class students (Rubin, 2012a). The present research investigated two potential reasons for this working-class social exclusion effect. First, working-class students may have fewer finances available to participate in social activities. Second, working-class students tend to be older than middle-class students and, consequently, they are likely to have more work and/or childcare commitments. These additional commitments may prevent them from attending campus which, in turn, reduces their opportunity for social integration. These predictions were confirmed among undergraduate students at an Australian university (N = 433) and a USA university (N = 416). Strategies for increasing working-class students’ social integration at university are discussed.

scholarly journals Revealing the Legal Protection of Patients Social Security Administration Agency of Health in Sanglah and Balimed Hospitals Denpasar

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-110
Author(s):  
RA Tuty Kuswardhani ◽  
I Nyoman Budiana
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Social Security ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
National Formulary ◽  
Social Security Administration ◽  
Curative Therapy ◽  
The Social

Social Security Administration Agency of Health has a National National Health Insurance formulary, but in reality patients do not get drugs according to the National Health Insurance National Formulary. Therefore, the aims of this study are to determine the legal protection of patients of the Social Security Administration Agency of Health for the elderly in curative therapy in hospitals according to the national formulary of National Health Insurance at Sanglah Hospital and Balimed Hospital, and to know the responsibilities undertaken by the Social Security Administration Agency of Health in fulfilling its obligations for patients the Agency for the Implementation of the Social Health Insurance of the elderly in curative therapy in accordance with the national formulary of the National Health Insurance. This study uses a participatory observational (empirical-observational) empirical legal research method. Sampling with purposive sampling and data collection techniques using triangulation techniques. In principle, legal protection must refer to legal certainty, fairness and benefits for the population participating in the Social Security Administration Agency of Health for the elderly so that it is not impressed that Balimed Hospital and Sanglah General Hospital and the Social Security Administration Agency of Health make a service to consumers who are not good. The legal responsibility that should be obtained by the participants of the Social Security Administration Agency of Health for the elderly in Balimed Hospital and Sanglah Hospital Denpasar which is currently not maximally received by patients participating in the Social Security Administration Agency of Health for the elderly at Balimed Hospital and Sanglah Hospital.

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