The Cultural and Institutional Barrier of Knowledge Exchanges in the Development of Open Source Software

Open source software (OSS) gives developing countries inexpensive or free alternatives to proprietary software. It gives them the opportunity to develop software and software industry without starting from scratch. This chapter discusses the diffusion and development of OSS in Indonesia especially after the government took “Indonesia, Go Open Source” (IGOS) initiative. This initiative united government organizations, communities, R&D institutions, and universities. While the government's concern was to tackle piracy by replacing illegal software with OSS, the others sought to develop their own OSS. However, the openness of their software is only in terms of that they were developed using OSS development tools, while their mode of development remained closed, which was caused by cultural barrier and institutional incompatibility between government's regime of project administration and the governance of OSS development.

The ethno-etiquette in the Yakut culture: sacred strategies and behavioral code

The ethnic etiquette of the Yakuts demonstrates traditional culture, worldviews, and ritual and mythological practices. The historical and anthropological approach used in this study allowed us to consider motives and strategies of the behavior, customs and rituals in space and time. The study of folklore and ethnographic and linguistic materials made it possible to identify and analyze responses of the behavioral strategies that expand the boundaries of the developed space (travel customs and rituals), eliminate the “otherness” of a guest (an etiquette), and provide for communications between the man and the deities/spirits (a ritual). For the first time, archival and field materials on the guest and travel etiquette are introduced into scientific discourse. The aim of the study is to conduct a historical and cognitive analysis of the travel and guest etiquettes, which begin with overcoming the developed space — the dwelling place. As the result, we have revealed that the travel etiquette is primarily aimed at ensuring that the traveler returns home without encountering any obstacles in his journey. To achieve that, they used words-taboos and made a sacrifice to the spirit of the fire and to the spirit of the road. The analysis of special travel terms has shown that the main guardian of the traveler is his horse, while the behavioral code serves as an assurance of a successful journey. Compliance with pre-travel and travel taboos and rules primarily contributed to a safe return of the traveler. It has been found that the status of the traveler is transformed when he overcomes a “cultural barrier” — the fence, enters the developed space, and becomes a guest. The guest etiquette mainly defines behavior of the hosts, since the arrival of the guest, his welcoming and parting with him strengthened their life values, stability, and prosperity. The guest was considered to be a messenger of an alien world, so that the first series of the ritual actions was aimed at removing the “otherness” of the guest, the second series was aimed at including the guest in the home space, and the third series was aimed at seeing off the guest. Nowadays, respectful welcoming of a guest is also of a great importance, and the metaphor "the Yakut’s hospitality" has still not lost its significance.

Cultural Barriers to Husband’s Involvement in Maternal Health in Indonesia Rural Area, A Qualitative Study

Background Maternal mortality represents the health condition of the mother during pregnancy. In developing countries, maternal health is often poor because pregnant women are not fully supported by their husbands. The problem is, husbands have cultural barriers to engage in activities that can provide space for pregnant women to be healthier. Aim This study was conducted to examine the husband's cultural barriers in the Toba Batak culture in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Methods The research was conducted using a qualitative approach in rural areas. A total of 30 husbands were interviewed using FGD techniques, in addition to FGDs with health workers. Results This study reveals the root of cultural problems related to the husband's perception of men's and women's work, as well as the inherent traditions that make the husband distance himself from maternal health. Conclusion Cultural barriers of husband’s involvement in maternal health are very clear in Batak tribe. Efforts are needed to change cultural barrier by implementing a cultural approach.

PRAGMATIC ADAPTATION OF THE COLLOQUIAL SPEECH IN THE TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF M. BULGAKOV’S NOVEL “THE MASTER AND MARGARITA” AS A WAY TO OVERCOME THE LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL BARRIER

Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию особенностей прагматической адаптации разговорной лексики при переводе на английский язык романа М. А. Булгакова «Мастер и Маргарита». Проблема перевода разговорной лексики рассматривается в статье как разновидность межкультурной коммуникации. В работе рассмотрены примеры перевода разговорных и просторечных выражений, использованных в романе. Анализ примеров проводится на основе рассмотрения двух популярных версий перевода романа «Мастер и Маргарита» на английский язык - Майкла Гленни и Ричарда Пивера и Ларисы Волохонской. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем фактом, что роман М. А. Булгакова остается популярным в англоязычных странах. Исследователи переводов романа М. А. Булгакова, как правило, уделяют основное внимание трудностям перевода реалий, в частности советизмов, как самой отличительной особенности стиля Булгакова. Перевод разговорной и просторечной лексики, как правило, остается за пределами интереса исследователей, хотя именно эта лексика представляет сложности для перевода и создает общий фон романа. В статье анализируются примеры перевода разговорной лексики и устанавливаются наиболее успешные способы перевода. Анализ материала показал, что не существует единого способа передачи лексических просторечий при переводе на английский язык. Значительная часть найденных единиц при переводе передана с помощью относительных эквивалентов и аналогов. This article is devoted to the study of the features of the pragmatic adaptation of colloquial vocabulary when translating the novel “The Master and Margarita” by M. A. Bulgakov into English. The problem of translating colloquial vocabulary is considered in the article as a kind of intercultural communication. The paper considers the examples of the translation of colloquial words and colloquial expressions used in the novel. The analysis of the examples is based on the consideration of two popular versions of the translation of the novel “The Master and Margarita” into English - by Michael Glennie and Richard Peaver and Larisa Volokhonskaya. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the novel by M. A. Bulgakov remains popular in English-speaking countries. Researchers of translations of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov, as a rule, pay special attention to the difficulties of translating realia, in particular Sovietisms, as the most distinctive feature of Bulgakov’s style. The translation of colloquial vocabulary, as a rule, remains beyond the interest of researchers, although it is this vocabulary that presents difficulties for translation and creates the general background of the novel. The article analyzes the examples of the translation of colloquial vocabulary and identifies the most successful ways of translation. The analysis of the material showed that there is no single way to transfer lexical colloquialisms when translating into English. A significant part of the found units is transmitted during translation using relative equivalents and analogues.

Cultural Barriers to Education of the Girl Child and Its Implication to Educational Attainment of the Oroko Children in Secondary Schools in the Kumba Municipality

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural practices that pose a barrier to female educational attainment of the Oroko people. Looking at the cultural barrier to the education of the girl child and its implication on educational attainment, the researcher realized that culture has played a great part in the attainment of education of the girl child in the Oroko land. The population of this study was made up of three secondary schools in the Kumba municipality. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. Data was analyzed by the use of descriptive and inferential statictics. The results showed that cultural barriers such as early marriages and the preference of the boy child’s education over that of a girl child affect the girls’ educational attainment in the Oroko land. Based on the finding the researcher recommended that the government should open schools in all villages so as to encourage the girls to go to school, the few girls who are already in school should try and impress their parents so that can change their mentality and conception that they have concerning female education.

1496 Building Inclusivity and Diversity from our Foundations: A Cross-Sectional Study Identifying Barriers to Theatre Based Training for Foundation Doctors

Aim Theatre experience is a powerful factor enabling trainees to determine whether they possess the enthusiasm and aptitude to undertake a surgical career. Removing barriers to theatre learning should allow a more meritorious and diverse cohort of surgical trainees. Method An 18 -point open and closed question Likert scale survey was distributed to Foundation Doctors in three hospitals within the Northern Deanery. The survey was designed via focus group and literature review, ascertaining perceived levels of preparedness, acceptance, enjoyment, and barriers to theatre access. Results The survey dichotomized respondents (n = 54) into those who attended theatre (n = 40) and those who did not (n = 14). Of those attending 38% (n = 15) reported intimidation and 15% (n = 6) cited a cultural barrier to attendance. Of those who did not attend 79% (n = 11) were interested in surgery. These respondents predominantly reported concerns around prohibitive ward workload and unfamiliarity with protocols. Covid restricted surgical rotations for some. There was a statistically significant difference (p fishers exact test = 0.001) between 83% of respondents who felt welcomed by the surgeons compared to just 45% made to feel welcome by the wider theatre team. Only 20% (n = 11) of respondents felt prepared for theatre by medical school. 50% (n = 27) were confident with theatre protocols. Conclusions The study raises concerns around apprehension surrounding the theatre environment and ward workload which appear to impede access to theatre. Adequate undergraduate surgical teaching, appropriate induction and allocation of theatre time are crucial to improve safety, diversity of applicants, confidence for trainees and compliance within the team.

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURAL BARRIERS IN ERADICATING POVERTY THROUGH e-WARONG KUBE PKH

Cultural barrier often occur on electronic mutual business group (e-Warong), as is a social assistance program as a form of synergy between the Family Hope Program (PKH) and the Mutual Business Group/Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE). Beneficiaries of social assistance can also make transactions on e-Warong using a Prosperous Family Card (KKS) through Electronic Data Capture (EDC). This unique program prioritizes the achievement of social and economic goals at the group level instead of individuals profit, one group consist of 10 people who have been assessed as independent and do not receive PKH assistance anymore. The previous results showed that the management ability of e-warong was still low, and it hindered the achievement of social and economic empowerment goals. Business failures are caused because they do not have a strong incentive to do business and situation is getting worse since the Covid pandemic. The aim and purposes are to asses cultural barriers in business practice of e –Warong, 2) To describe obstacles and efforts to overcome cultural, and 3. To describe practical and theoretical implications for the development of social welfare science. This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach and the data collection method was selected according to the following stages: 1) Determining the research topic, 2) Identifying secondary barrier, and 3) Explore the data sources through journals, archives, books, etc, 4) Finding and collecting data, 5) Analyze the data, and 6) Draw conclusions. Interviews were conducted with informants of e-warong and District Social Welfare Workers (TKSK) at e-Warong Karasak Bandung. The results showed there were three dimensions of culture, namely create the idea, sense of business and business intention. These three dimensions were still low especially in realizing business ideas, basically the cultural components should complement each other in conducting business to achieve goals. These findings directed to the recommendation for the supervisor of e-Warong Anugerah Sentosa to strengthening cipta-rasa-karsa (idea, sense and intention) as the basis for e-warong KUBE PKH business.

Effective Cross-Cultural Communication for International Business

In today’s business and pandemic scenario, working in an international team is common with remote workers, overseas offices, and inescapable cultural gaps. The diversity of co-workers may become a cultural barrier that some people don’t know how to overcome. Most of the professionals do not even realize the problems of cultural differences in their work. Cultural awareness helps managers to effectively transact with their employees and other stakeholders. Understanding the diverse workforce and guiding them for effective cross-cultural communication is essential for multicultural firms, or else they may face several issues in the areas of employee relationships, staffing, attrition rates, trade policies, mergers, advertising, business stakeholder relationships, team building, and negotiations. Language, stereotypes, non-verbal signs, emotional display, ethnocentrism, anxiety, uncertainty, perception, and prejudice are the invisible barriers to enculturation. This paper discusses how to effectively communicate in a culturally diverse organization by sharing and exchanging ideas based on mutual understanding, respect, and credibility. Best practices for effective cross-cultural communication are summarized in this chapter for the use of students, academicians, and managers in intercultural contexts. This will help them to gain some insights about multicultural environments and how to get along with people by maintaining etiquette, mutual respect, reciprocal cognition, and avoiding stereotypes. The study also discusses the importance of inclusive communication, constructive transactions, cross-cultural training, and design thinking in modern organizations. The paper may be very effective to teach subjects like Organisation behavior and International business communication.

Effect of Rape on Physical and Psychological Aspects of Girl Child in Northern Nigeria

Rape is considered as a heartrending moment in a woman’s or girl’s life, it is reality but remain hidden to appropriate authority due to certain distress associated with stigma against the survivor, fear of victimization, cultural barrier, religious sentiments, shame influential, and lack of cognizance on human right. Rape is simply when sexual intercourse occur without ones consent (not willing) or force a person to have sexual intercourse against his/her will, it happen when someone is intoxicated from alcohol or drugs and sometimes for ritual purpose. It can be through vagina, anus or mouth. In northern Nigeria, rape is defined under section 282 of the panel code as. (a) Any act of rape against her will, (b) obtained by putting her fear, threats or death, (iii) with her consent when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her concern is given because she believes that he is the man who to whom she is or believe herself to be lawfully married to, (iv) with or without her consent when she is under fourteen years of age. The main objective of this paper is to examine the following. Why do men rape? How does rape harm victims psychologically? , What should I do if I have been raped? How can I protect myself from rape? What is the best way to prevent STD. Rape as felony, is among the most serious crime a person can commit, men as well as women and children can be raped. This paper will seek an answer to the above questions and provide some recommendations which will be of great importance to social agencies, survivors, parents and security agencies.