scholarly journals Assessing the Potential for Pyroconvection and Wildfire Blow Ups

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-61
Author(s):  
Ryan N. Leach ◽  
Chris V. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Fire Plumes ◽  
Blowing Up ◽  
Heat And Moisture

Fire meteorologists have few tools for assessing atmospheric stability in the context of wildfires. Most tools at our disposal were developed for assessing thunderstorms and general convection, and so they ignore heat and moisture supplied by the wildfire. We propose a simple parcel-based model that can be used to assess how the atmosphere will affect a growing wildfire plume by also taking into account the heat and moisture released from the fire. From this model, we can infer trends in day to day atmospheric stability as it relates to fire plumes. We can also infer how significant the appearance of a pyrocumulus cloud on the top of a fire column is. In some cases, the appearance of a pyrocumulus indicates that the fire is near if not already blowing up, whereas in other cases environmental conditions remain too stable to have a significant effect. A qualitative application of the model is demonstrated through application to a 2017 wildfire case in Western Montana.

The nonmarine mollusks of the Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Cabbage Patch fauna of western Montana. II. Terrestrial gastropod families other than Pupillidae (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)

1992 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold G. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Western Montana ◽  
Early Miocene ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Late Oligocene ◽  
Terrestrial Gastropod

The remaining terrestrial gastropod fauna of the late Oligocene–early Miocene Cabbage Patch beds of western Montana is composed of nine new species, all from extant genera now occurring in the western United States: Vallonia berryi, [Succineidae] montana, Nesovitrea pulchra, Deroceras securis, D. mahiz, Punctum alveus, Polygyroidea montivaga, Oreohelix brandi, and Monadenia? n. sp. A, which is described from neanic material. All except the Monadenia? represent first occurrences of the respective genus in North America. The terrestrial fauna suggests that climatic and environmental conditions during the late Oligocene–early Miocene interval must have been very similar to those of the present. Two sizes of gastropod eggs, attributed to P. montivaga and V. berryi, were found at one locality. Monadenia? n. sp. A is of limited use, due to rarity, as an index fossil for the upper Cabbage Patch beds.

NESTING HABITS OF CERTAIN WESTERN BEES

1936 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Wild Bees ◽  
Nesting Site ◽  
Nesting Habits ◽  
Heat And Moisture

The nesting habits of many of our wild bees still remain unknown. Their importance, from an ecological as well as from an animal behavior standpoint, is great. Each species is adjusted to a set of environmental conditions which the kind and location of the nest helps to assure it. The young are protected from extremes of heat and moisture, as well as from parasites and predators by the materials composing the cell, by the manner of its construction and by the nesting site selected by the mother bee. The following account consists of brief notes on the habits of certain western species.

scholarly journals Tropical Storm Development from African Easterly Waves in the Eastern Atlantic: A Comparison of Two Successive Waves Using a Regional Model as Part of NASA AMMA 2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (11) ◽  
pp. 3313-3334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward K. Vizy ◽  
Kerry H. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atmospheric Stability ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Regional Model ◽  
Tropical Storm ◽  
African Easterly Waves ◽  
Easterly Waves ◽  
Low Level ◽  
African Coast ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract Two successive African easterly waves (AEWs) from August 2006 are analyzed utilizing observational data, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis, and output from the National Center for Atmospheric Research–National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) to understand why the first wave does not develop over the eastern Atlantic while the second wave does. The first AEW eventually forms Hurricane Ernesto over the Caribbean Sea, but genesis does not occur over the eastern Atlantic. The second wave, although weaker than the first over land, leaves the West African coast and quickly intensifies into Tropical Storm Debby west of the Cape Verde islands. This study shows that the environmental conditions associated with the first AEW’s passage inhibited development. These conditions include strong low- and midtropospheric vertical wind shear owing to a stronger than normal African easterly jet, lower than normal relative humidity, and increased atmospheric stability. All of these are characteristics of an intensification of the Saharan air layer (SAL), or SAL outbreak, over the eastern Atlantic. The environmental conditions were more favorable for genesis 2½ days later when the second wave left the African coast. Additionally, a strong low-level southwesterly surge develops over the eastern North Atlantic in the wake of the passage of the first wave. This westerly surge is associated with an enhancement of the low-level westerly flow, low-level cyclonic vorticity, large-scale low-level wind convergence, and vertical motion conducive for development over the region. While the initial westerly surge is likely associated with the passage of the first wave, over time (i.e., by 1600 UTC 20 August 2006) the development of the second wave becomes influential in maintaining the low-level westerly surge. Although SAL outbreaks are also associated with the addition of dust, the different cyclogenesis histories of the two systems are simulated without including dust in the regional model.

Study on Dynamic Heat-Moisture Comport Properties of Moisture Transported and Dry-Fast Fiber

2011 ◽  
Vol 239-242 ◽  
pp. 912-915
Author(s):  
Kai Yang ◽  
Ming Li Jiao ◽  
Luo Yan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Polypropylene Fiber ◽  
Measuring Instrument ◽  
Fast Fiber ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Functional Fiber ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
Heat And Moisture

A series of experiments was performed on studying the dynamic heat and moisture transferring procedure and evaluating heat-moisture comfort properties of functional moisture transported and dry-fast fiber in wearing conditions that produce continued sweat. Experiments were performed in two different environmental conditions, which were the most comfortable condition and an extremely uncomfortable condition for humans. The real time changes of temperature and relative humidity in inner and outer surfaces of different fiber fabrics were measured using self-made textile-microclimate measuring instrument. Then, fabric’s comprehensive heat-moisture comfort properties were obtained. Results show that fine denier polypropylene fiber as a newly moisture transported and dry-fast functional fiber has better heat-moisture comfort properties than other conventional fibers, and it is more suitable for sportswear fabric.

Vibration Isolator System for Electron Microscope

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
K. Ohi ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Kasai ◽  
Y. Ohkura ◽  
K. Mizuno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Vibration Isolator ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Vibration Isolators ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Electron Microscopes

In recent years, with electron microscopes coming into wider use, their installation environments do not necessarily give their performance full play. Their environmental conditions include air-conditioners, magnetic fields, and vibrations. We report a jointly developed entirely new vibration isolator which is effective against the vibrations transmitted from the floor.Conventionally, large-sized vibration isolators which need the digging of a pit have been used. These vibration isolators, however, are large present problems of installation and maintenance because of their large-size.Thus, we intended to make a vibration isolator which1) eliminates the need for changing the installation room2) eliminates the need of maintenance and3) are compact in size and easily installable.

The Shikani HME: A New Tracheostomy Heat and Moisture Exchanger

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 2921-2929
Author(s):  
Alan H. Shikani ◽  
Elamin M. Elamin ◽  
Andrew C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Speaking Valve ◽  
Time Zero ◽  
In Series ◽  
Turbulent Airflow ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Loss Efficiency ◽  
Heat And Moisture ◽  
Lung Simulation

Purpose Tracheostomy patients face many adversities including loss of phonation and essential airway functions including air filtering, warming, and humidification. Heat and moisture exchangers (HMEs) facilitate humidification and filtering of inspired air. The Shikani HME (S-HME) is a novel turbulent airflow HME that may be used in-line with the Shikani Speaking Valve (SSV), allowing for uniquely preserved phonation during humidification. The aims of this study were to (a) compare the airflow resistance ( R airflow ) and humidification efficiency of the S-HME and the Mallinckrodt Tracheolife II tracheostomy HME (M-HME) when dry (time zero) and wet (after 24 hr) and (b) determine if in-line application of the S-HME with a tracheostomy speaking valve significantly increases R airflow over a tracheostomy speaking valve alone (whether SSV or Passy Muir Valve [PMV]). Method A prospective observational ex vivo study was conducted using a pneumotachometer lung simulation unit to measure airflow ( Q ) amplitude and R airflow , as indicated by a pressure drop ( P Drop ) across the device (S-HME, M-HME, SSV + S-HME, and PMV). Additionally, P Drop was studied for the S-HME and M-HME when dry at time zero (T 0 ) and after 24 hr of moisture testing (T 24 ) at Q of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 L/s. Results R airflow was significantly less for the S-HME than M-HME (T 0 and T 24 ). R airflow of the SSV + S-HME in series did not significant increase R airflow over the SSV or PMV alone. Moisture loss efficiency trended toward greater efficiency for the S-HME; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The turbulent flow S-HME provides heat and moisture exchange with similar or greater efficacy than the widely used laminar airflow M-HME, but with significantly lower resistance. The S-HME also allows the innovative advantage of in-line use with the SSV, hence allowing concurrent humidification and phonation during application, without having to manipulate either device.

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