The Effect of Dispersant Solubility, Dispersant Dosage, Granule Diameter, and Dome Versus Radial Extrusion on Granule Spontaneity of Disintegration and Resistance to Attrition

2008 ◽  
pp. 15-15-10
Author(s):  
T Winowiski ◽  
S Lebo ◽  
J Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Granule Diameter

scholarly journals DEHYDRATION AND SPRAYING OF BURITI PULP (Mauritia flexuosa L.): SHELF-LIFE EVALUATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (spe) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAIME PAIVA LOPES AGUIAR ◽  
FRANCISCA DAS CHAGAS DO AMARAL SOUZA
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Plastic Packaging ◽  
Life Evaluation ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Microbiological Stability ◽  
Storage Temperatures ◽  
Granule Diameter

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to process buriti fruits by dehydration and spraying and to evaluate their shelf-life in polyethylene plastic packaging at different storage temperatures. The edible part of the fruit was dehydrated, crushed and sieved for granule diameter standardization, packaged in polyethylene plastic packaging and stored at different temperatures 24°C (Ambient), 4°C (Cooling) and -12°C (Freezer). Fresh and dehydrated fruits were analyzed for moisture, pH, acidity, total and reducing sugars, proteins, lipids, ashes, carbohydrates, energy, ß-carotene and retinol equivalent. Dehydrated and sprayed buriti was analyzed every 30 days for 150 days of storage for peroxide, acid and iodine indexes and also for microbiological parameters. The constituents that stood out both in fresh and dehydrated and sprayed fruits were: lipids, carbohydrates and consequently, energy and ß-carotene. In relation to shelf-life, all treatments presented good chemical and microbiological stability during the 150 days of storage period. It was concluded that dehydrated and sprayed buriti remained with good chemical and microbiological stability for at least 150 days of storage at temperatures of 4°C and -12°C. It is suggested that this product can be used as an ingredient in formulated foods aimed at supplementation of pro-vitamin A.

scholarly journals Determining the distribution of granule diameter from biological sludge

MethodsX ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 727-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inaê Alves ◽  
Valéria Del Nery ◽  
Eloisa Pozzi ◽  
Marcia Helena Rissato Zamariolli Damianovic ◽  
Eduardo Cleto Pires
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Granule Diameter

scholarly journals Operation mode and external carbon dose as determining factors in elemental composition and morphology of aerobic granules

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Cydzik-Kwiatkowska ◽  
Paulina Rusanowska ◽  
Katarzyna Głowacka
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Operation Mode ◽  
Batch Reactors ◽  
Aerobic Granules ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactors ◽  
Volatile Material ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Granule Structure ◽  
Granule Diameter

Abstract The elemental composition and morphology of aerobic granules in sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) treating high-nitrogen digester supernatant was investigated. The investigation particularly focused on the effect of the number of anoxic phases (one vs. two) in the cycle and the dose of external organics loading (450 mg COD/(L·cycle) vs. 540 mg COD/(L·cycle)) on granule characteristics. Granules in all reactors were formed of many single cells of rod and spherical bacteria. Addition of the second anoxic phase in the GSBR cycle resulted in enhanced settling properties of the granules of about 10.6% and at the same time decreased granule diameter of about 19.4%. The study showed that external organics loading was the deciding factor in the elemental composition of biomass. At 540 mg COD/(L·cycle) the granules contained more weight% of C, S and N, suggesting more volatile material in the granule structure. At lower organics loadings granules had the higher diameter of granules which limited the diffusion of oxygen and favored precipitation of mineral compounds in the granule interior. In this biomass higher content of Mg, P and Ca, was observed.

Effect of some Key Factors on the Strength of Recycled Concrete

2012 ◽  
Vol 503-504 ◽  
pp. 576-581
Author(s):  
Xue Bing Zhang ◽  
Zhi Fang
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Aggregate ◽  
Cement Mortar ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Recycled Aggregate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Ordinary Concrete ◽  
Concrete Mix ◽  
Rate Maximum ◽  
Cement Strength ◽  
Granule Diameter

Because there exists a used cement mortar layer outside the recycled aggregate, there are more interfaces inside recycled concrete, which would result in recycled concrete has different properties from ordinary concrete. In this paper, the effect of such key factors for recycled concrete mix ratio as water-cement ratio, cement strength, sand rate, maximum granule diameter and gradation on the properties of concrete with recycled coarse aggregate was studied by experiment, and the some useful suggestion for mix ratio of recycled concrete was provided.

Changes in Myelin Ultrastructure Produced by a Series of Physical and Chemical Agents

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Di Carlo
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Granule Diameter

High-resolution electron microscopy of ultra-thin sections of fixed and plastic-embedded tissue shows that myelin consists essentially of an orderly aggregate of osmiophilic granules and osmiophobic globules. Frequently, granules and globules can be seen organized in hexagonal formations (diameter of about 90-120 A), which have an osmiophilic granule (diameter of about 30 A) in the center and six osmiophobic globules (diameter of about 40-45 A) around it. These formations are morphologically very similar to the “polyhedric-globular” (P-G) units (approx. 40-50 A high hexagonal prisms) which were described in the membrane of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria and in the plasma membranes of frog brain cortex as well as in the ribosomes of neurons of mammalian brain cortex. The P-G units were postulated to be an important, if not the exclusive, constituent of many biological membranes, which would be essentially a mosaic of such hexagonal prisms. Since ribosomes, which are believed to contain no lipid, also show the presence of P-G units in their structure, one wonders whether these units might possibly reflect mainly the presence of protein.

Secretagogues cause a preferential discharge of large size granules in rat pancreas

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1288-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien R. Beaudoin ◽  
Gilles Grondin ◽  
Mario Filion ◽  
André Lord
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Exocrine Pancreas ◽  
Distribution Curve ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Size Reduction ◽  
Zymogen Granules ◽  
Rat Pancreas ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Granule Diameter

We have compared the diameters of zymogen granules in the exocrine pancreas of fasted or stimulated rats. The average granule diameter was 0.73 μm ± 0.18 SD (sample size, 1460) in fasted animals and significantly reduced to 0.68 μm ± 0.17 SD (sample size, 860) after 120 min and two intraperitoneal injections of urecholine. Reduction of granule size was attributable to the preferential discharge of large size granules. The range between first and third quartiles of the distribution curve was identical in the two groups at 0.24 μm. There was no significant increase in the proportion of granules smaller than 0.40 μm after urecholine stimulation. A third group of animals was "hyperstimulated" by an infusion of a mixture of caerulein, secretin, and urecholine. After 210 min, the average granule diameter was reduced to 0.43 μm ± 0.14 SD (sample size, 786). The range between first and third quartiles of the distribution curve was 0.16 μm. In this group, 43.5% of the granules was smaller than 0.40 μm. Granule size reduction was accompanied by the appearance of numerous pleiomorphic condensing vacuoles. The present results strongly support the views that secretagogues cause the preferential release of large size granules and favor the formation of small size granules.

scholarly journals Electrophysiological and Morphological Identification of Action Potential Generating Secretory Cell Types Isolated from the Salivary Gland of Ariolimax

1983 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES M. GOLDRING ◽  
JOANNE W. KATER ◽  
STANLEY B. KATER
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Rise Time ◽  
Action Potentials ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Inward Current ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Delayed Rectification ◽  
Granule Diameter

The salivary glands of the terrestrial slug, Ariolimax, are composed of several morphologically distinct cell types which are observable in thin pieces of living glands and in sectioned tissue viewed with the light or electron microscope. ‘Blind’ penetration via microelectrode into the gland reveals different classes of electrical activity including: (1) cells with fast action potentials; (2) cells with slow action potentials; and (3) cells with large resting potentials but which display only delayed rectification. After isolation of cells by enzymatic dissociation we could electrophysiologically characterize individual cell types and relate these to cell types identified morphologically in the living gland and under the light and electron microscopes. Microelectrode recordings from identified cell types have demonstrated: (1) the large granule cell type (granule diameter = 8–12μm) displays a characteristic long duration, slow rise time action potential whose inward current is primarily carried by Ca2+; (2) the medium granule cell type (granule diameter = 3--6 μm) displays only delayed rectification and (3) the small granule cell type (granule diameter = 1–2μm) displays fast rise time, short duration action potentials whose inward current is also carried primarily by Ca2+ ions. The finding that morphologically distinct cell types display distinct electrical activity may indicate that different secretory products are released only under a specific set of conditions associated with changes in membrane potential.

scholarly journals INTERGRANULE FUSION IN RAT PARS INTERMEDIA CELLS

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Košmelj ◽  
Anton Cedilnik ◽  
Peter Veranič ◽  
Gregor Zupančič ◽  
Marjan Rupnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Probabilistic Model ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Fixed Size ◽  
Electron Microscopy Data ◽  
Tight Association ◽  
Microscopy Data ◽  
Granule Diameter

Using electron microscopy, we studied the morphology of secretory granules in rat pars intermedia cells. We found figures of apparent intergranule fusion, characterized by a tight association of two granules. The fusion was detected in around 2% of all measured granules, indicating a low occurrence of intergranule fusion. To study whether intergranule fusion affects the distribution of granule diameters a simple probabilistic model was developed. It is based on the theory that larger granules are formed by fusion of two or more spherical granules of fixed size, and that the surface of a newly formed granule is equal to the sum of fused granule membranes. The model accounts for the bias on granule diameter measurements due to sectioning of granules. Although the electron microscopy data strongly indicates the existence of intergranule fusion in rat melanotrophs, this process as modelled in the present work does not contribute to the granule diameter distribution significantly. It is likely that in addition to the fusion of larger granules, other processes, such as fusion of microvesicles, may affect the distribution of granule diameters.

Genetics of starch granule size distribution in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Stoddard
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Starch Granule ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Granule Size ◽  
Cytoplasmic Effects ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
The One ◽  
B Granules ◽  
Granule Diameter

Wheat endosperm starch is deposited in large, A-type granules and smaller B-type and C-type granules. The quantitative genetics of starch granule size distribution was investigated in 2 ways. Complete diallel crosses, with 5 parents each, were prepared in tetraploid wheat, Triticum turgidum, and hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum. Parent and F1 plants were grown in controlled environment growth chambers with 18�C days and 13�C nights to provide parent and F2 grains from uniform conditions. In the same conditions, the basic generations of parent, F1, F2, and backcross of 6 other individual crosses were grown and F1 and backcross grains were freshly generated on these plants. Starch granule size distribution was determined in parent and F2 grains in the diallels and all possible generations in the other crosses. Granules of <10 μm diameter were considered 'B granules' (thus including C granules), and B-granule content was expressed as a percentage of total starch volume. The modal A-granule diameter was also determined.B-granule content varied widely in both species, whereas modal A-granule diameter was much more variable in tetraploids than in hexaploids. Additive gene action was more important than dominance in determining B-granule content in both species and A-granule diameter in tetraploids, whereas dominance was more important for A-granule diameter in hexaploids. Dominance acted to increase or to decrease B-granule content, depending on the cross. According to variance–covariance analysis, the line with the most dominant alleles in the hexaploids was the one lowest in B granules, but in the tetraploids it was the one highest in B granules. Digenic interactions affected B-granule content and A-granule diameter in all of the analyses of the basic generations, and nucleocytoplasmic interactions affected these traits in most of the crosses. Diallel analyses of the F2 generations, in contrast, showed a limited importance of epistasis. Cytoplasmic effects made small but significant contributions to the variation in B-granule content in some of the crosses. Variation in B-granule content and A-granule diameter appeared to be affected by different gene actions and were therefore likely to be susceptible to independent manipulations in a breeding program.

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