X-ray diffraction effects by non-ideal crystals of biotite, muscovite, montmorillonite, mixed-layer clays, graphite, and periclase*

1968 ◽  
Vol 126 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 80-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Ross
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diffraction Effects

EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER OXIDATION ON THE COLLAPSE OF VERMICULITE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. MILES ◽  
M. SCHNITZER ◽  
C. R. DE KIMPE
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Ir Spectrum ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Organic Matter Oxidation ◽  
Ir Spectrophotometry ◽  
Complete Collapse

Oxidation of organic matter with H2O2 produced substantial amounts of NH3 which was then fixed by vermiculite, causing partial or complete collapse and converting the mineral to a mica-like product. The collapse of the mineral was indicated by shifts in the 001 spacing from 1.476 to 1.030 nm and the appearance of a well-defined band at 1430 cm−1 in the IR spectrum, indicative of the presence of NH4+ in the interlayer positions of the clay. Our data suggest that: (a) the transformation of vermiculite to mica during H2O2 oxidation may result in underestimation of the vermiculite content of soils by XRD, and (b) the wide occurrence of mixed-layer minerals in soils may in part have resulted from the fixation of NH3 liberated from the microbial mineralization of organically bound N. Key words: Ammonia, X-ray diffraction, IR spectrophotometry, mixed-layer minerals, H2O2 pretreatment

Amorphous Solids, Small Particles and Thin Surface Films

1957 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 73-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Schossberger
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cold Rolled ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Diffraction Effects ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractA comprehensive chart is preserit of the X-ray diffraction effects of gas-and Uquid-like armorphous substances, small particle-size materials, mixtures of amorphous and crystalline compounds, sheetlike crystals, and fibrous materials.The relationship between the X-ray diagrams and chemical preparations as shown by typical examples from the field of the manufacture of active catalysts cadmium sulfide semiconductors, pour point-depressed lubricants, electroless nickel platings and metal-filled cellulose fibers.The investigation of thin surface layers formed by chemical reactions required the combination of electron and X-ray diffraction techniques. The usefulness of this combination of methods is demonstrated by a study of black stain formation on cold rolled annealed steel. By identifying the materials in the stain and determining the sequence in which they formed a reaction mechanism between steel surface and annealing-gas can be postulated.

A lithium-bearing aluminian regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorite from Huy, Belgium

Clay Minerals ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brown ◽  
P. Bourguignon ◽  
J. Thorez
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Structural Formula ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturated Clay ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Green Clay

AbstractA bluish-green clay found in veins cutting across brecciated slates of the Llanvirnian stage at Huy, Belgium, is shown by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis to be a lithium-bearing, aluminium-rich, regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorite with associated pyrophyllite, nacrite and quartz and smaller amounts of calcite and ankerite. The cation exchange capacity of the purified air-dry magnesium saturated clay is 49 mEq/100 g and its structural formula isThe problem of the nomenclature of regular mixed layer montmorillonite-chlorites is discussed.

A study of a long-spacing mica-like mineral

Clay Minerals ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Compositional Variation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Single Complex ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Diffraction Effects

AbstractAn interstratified clay mineral from Surges Bay, Tasmania, described by Cole & Carthew (1953) as containing a random stacking of illite and montmorillonite in the ratio of 3:2 and a regular stacking of illite and montmorillonite in the ratio of 1 : 1 is re-examined, after purification, and a new interpretation is made of the X-ray diffraction effects in terms of a single complex stacking model. The Fourier transform method of analysis used with an appropriate layer structure factor shows that the interstratification is produced by a three component stacking of 18% single mica layers (A), 10% double mica layers (ĀĀ) and 72% allevardite-like layers (ĀB̄) in which the A and ĀĀ layers are never together. This leads to the conclusion that the near regular interstratification of the mineral is due to structural and/or compositional variation from layer to layer within the parent crystals as suggested by Sudo, Hayashi & Shimoda (1962) to explain similar mineral types occurring in Japan.

An empirical Scherrer equation for weakly swelling mixed-layer minerals, especially illite-smectite

Clay Minerals ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jaboyedoff ◽  
B. Kübler ◽  
Ph. Thélin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Peak Broadening ◽  
Scherrer Equation ◽  
Xrd Patterns ◽  
Mixed Layering

AbstractThe Scherrer equation links the measured width of an X-ray diffraction peak (Scherrer width, SW) to the number of stacked cells (N) in the direction normal to the diffracting planes. The formula is only valid for one d-value occurring in the coherently diffracting domain. This equation can be modified for weakly swelling mixed-layer minerals. This assumes that the peak broadening caused by the mixed-layering is proportional to the amount of swelling component (S) and that the effects of size and mixed-layering are additive.If two SW can be measured on XRD patterns from samples treated in two different ways (such as air dried or glycolated), N and S can be determined. This equation is applicable to illite-smectite mixed-layer minerals with high illitic content. The results are most accurate for N>30. The use of Scherrer's equation is discussed.

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