The Beginnings of Islam in Afghanistan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arezou Azad
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Political System ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
Initial Conversion ◽  
The Way

Covering the period from 709 to 871, this chapter traces the initial conversion of Afghanistan from Zoroastrianism and Buddhism to Islam. Highlighting the differential developments in four regions of Afghanistan, it discusses the very earliest history of Afghan Islam both as a religion and as a political system in the form of a caliphate.  The chapter draws on under-utilized sources, such as fourth to eighth century Bactrian documents from Tukharistan and medieval Arabic and Persian histories of Balkh, Herat and Sistan. In so doing, it offers a paradigm shift in the way early Islam is understood by arguing that it did not arrive in Afghanistan as a finished product, but instead grew out of Afghanistan’s multi-religious context. Through fusions with Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, early Abrahamic traditions, and local cult practices, the Islam that resulted was less an Arab Islam that was imported wholesale than a patchwork of various cultural practices.

scholarly journals From the Social History of the Reformation (1960-1980) to the Reformation as Communication Process (1990-2000)

HISTOREIN ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Costas Gaganakis
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Social History ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

<p>This article attempts to chart the “paradigm shift” from social history, dominant until the early 1980s, to new cultural history and the various interpretive trends it engendered in the 1990s and 2000s. The privileged field of investigation is the history of the Protestant Reformation, particularly in its urban aspect. The discussion starts with the publication of Bernd Moeller’s pivotal <em>Reichsstadt und Reformation </em>in the early 1960s – which paved the way for the triumphant invasion of social history in a field previously dominated by ecclesiastical or political historians, and profoundly imbued with doctrinal prerogatives – and culminates in the critical presentation of interpretive trends that appear to dominate in the 2010s, particularly the view and investigation of the Reformation as communication process.</p>

scholarly journals The Endemic Crisis of Federalism in Pakistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raza Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

This paper looks at the issue of federalism in Pakistan. It begins with an analysis of the conceptual paradigms of federalism and goes on to examine the history of federalism in Pakistan. The paper goes on to discuss the reasons for the failure to develop an organic federal covenant as well as discuss how the 7th National Finance Commission (NFC) Award and the 18th Amendment may be indicative of a paradigm shift. The paper concludes by presenting the way forward for federalism in Pakistan.

ELIZABETH SAVAGE, A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest, Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, no. 7 (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1997). $35 cloth.

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-284
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
North African ◽  
The North ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Umayyad Caliphate ◽  
The Way

It was only after Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan regained the Umayyad caliphate that concerted efforts were made to extend Umayyad sway into the Maghrib. These efforts turned into a wave of expansion that extended all the way into the 2nd century A.H./8th century A.D. and reached far into the Iberian Peninsula and across the Pyrenees. These efforts also constitute the history of the Maghrib, a history aptly described by the title of the book under review: A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise. This title reflects the conflicted attitudes held by early Muslims regarding the region and its history. In the beginning, Umayyad policies were indeed contradictory. For example, Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber, could lead Muslims into the Iberian Peninsula, while up to a time Damascus considered Berbers legal booty.

Slavery, Indenture, and Freedom: Exegesis of the ‘mukātabaVerse’ (Q. 24:33) in Early Islam

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-107
Author(s):  
Ramon Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Economic Change ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Economic Actor ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
Early Islam ◽  
The Way

Slavery was a significant part of society within the seventh-century Arabian context of the Qur'an. In this context, Q. 24:33, which has been universally interpreted by Muslim exegetes as the basis for a contract of mukātaba (‘indenture’) that allows slaves to work to pay for their freedom, is a particularly intriguing verse. This article examines the exegesis of Q. 24:33 against the background of the first two centuries of Islam, examining the way that its ambiguous language was interpreted in the light of socio-economic change and diverse theologico-political circles of scholarship. It is argued that an initially dominant emancipatory reading of the verse as an obligation within early Medina is preserved for over a century in Mecca, finding a home in Basran Ibāḍī scholarship of the late second/eighth century. In contrast, the dominant proto-Sunnī approach (and related proto-Zaydī tradition), centred in Iraq, adopts the formerly minority opinion that the mukātaba contract is merely permissible. By examining related legal questions, it is concluded that this shift in commentary on Q. 24:33 from the first/seventh to the second/eighth centuries reflects a broader change in the conception of the slave: from a valid economic actor on a continuum of servitude, to an item of property.

scholarly journals Artists and Writers for Two Centuries in the Cultural-Religious Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketevan Barbakadze ◽  
Tamar Gogoladze
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Present Issue ◽  
Religious Context ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Talent ◽  
The Way

The history of Georgian painting is closely connected with the name of the 19th century artist Giorgi (Grigol) Maisuradze, who went through the way of demonstrating his artistic talent, from the family of peasants to the Brulov Academy and later working as a teacher of art. Giorgi Maisuradze&#39;s paintings are preserved in various museums in Kutaisi, and his following biography with his family and descendants still creates an interesting cultural gallery where famous Georgian artists, writers and scientists are presented. The artist&#39;s works has been thoroughly studied by an art critic Shalva Kvaskhkadze, and the present issue is from the history of Georgian culture.

scholarly journals Commodity, Trading, and Commerce in the Contemporary Lithuanian Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (32) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Saulius Keturakis
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
Karl Marx ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Archival Data ◽  
Commodity Trade ◽  
Cultural Commodification ◽  
History Of ◽  
Commodity Trading ◽  
The One

The paper analyses how the discourses of a commodity, trade, and shop become, on the one hand, the subjects of literary reflection and, on the other hand, the certain structures of meaning that form the existential and cultural practices moulding the commodity into a form of reality, trade as a relationship with reality, and shop as a kind of a reality genre in the modern Lithuanian literature. Although the history of a commodity, trademark, or other related subjects in the Lithuanian literature have not been traced on the paper, it is claimed, more out of the feeling, that a commodity and the phenomena related to it are more likely to appear in the modern literary texts. The feeling is based on the theory of a commodity and the trade as a model of a certain culture; the theory, starting with the works of Karl Marx, explains the transformations of the art creation and reception in accordance with the demand / supply forces that started to determine the processes of the art in the Western culture from the middle of the nineteenth century. The theoretical core of cultural commodification enables to speak about a commodity as a literary top not as a coincidence, but as a process, which came to be discussed and reflected long before the market economy in the last decade of the XXth century, in the “non-commodity” Soviet political system, as the documents of the Lithuanian Association for Writers suggest. The combination of the archival data, the facts of the modern literature, and the theory of cultural commodification detects the evolving discourse of commodification reflection and its character in the Lithuanian literature.

scholarly journals The Myth of Resurrection: Reimagining Mahabali through the Semiotics of Select Folk Songs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 209-324
Author(s):  
Anitta Anna Moncy
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Folk Culture ◽  
Sociocultural Practices ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Written history, being the vehicle of dominant or hegemonic culture, often neglects sub cultural art forms whereas oral or folk culture acts as a reservoir of residual cultural practices. When written history is narrated, unwritten history is sung or performed. The importance of regional folk songs in delineating the subtleties of a particular culture can never be overlooked. Folk songs carry the emotions of the era as well as their associated sociocultural practices. Mahabali is the central mythical hero of a very prominent traditional festival of Kerala- Onam. Conceptual pluralities in the history of onam festival stand in the way of explaining onam in a unidimensional fashion. Yet, the popular myth goes like this- Mahabali (affectionately called by people as 'Maveli'), the benevolent asura king rules his land in abundance, peace and prosperity, with no instances of theft or murder. Jealous of King Mahabali's popularity and his power, the Gods conspired to end his reign. They sent Lord Vishnu to earth in the form of a dwarf Brahmin (Vamanan) who trampled Mahabali to the netherworld. But Lord Vishnu granted the king's sole wish i.e. to visit his land and people once every year. This visit is celebrated as onam festival in the Malayalam month of Chingam . The just and noble Mahabali in the myth is not just a symbol of peace and prosperity, but a true image of resurrection from oppression, as the history of Kerala would like to tell. Myths and folklore depicts the hope of a generation. This paper tries to probe into the intricacies of the Mahabali myth through select Malayalam folk songs, to bring out the essence of that hope.

scholarly journals More than an Antidote Against Amnesia... Some historiographical, theoretical, and methodological refl ections on the history of education

Pedagogika ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Depaepe
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
History Of Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Idea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Abstract: As the title suggests, this article is a theoretical and methodological one, which looks mainly at the conceptualization of the history of education as a fi eld of research. In doing so, it is also partly historiographical, as it deals with the history of pedagogical historiography, concentrating on the way in which the history of education was written and conceptualized in former times. Th e general idea is that the discipline has shifted over the years from an “over-educationalized” point of view towards a more historical one – a paradigm shift that has been labelled, moreover, as a “new cultural history of education”. On the basis of earlier studies, some implications of this evolution are discussed further in this paper: the relevance of the discipline, the development of appropriate conceptual tools, and the use of sources for the history of education. Keywords: pedagogical historiography, theory and methodology of history of education, relevance, conceptual tools, sources.

Rorschach Assessment of Complex Trauma in Youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-41
Author(s):  
David Ephraim
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Complex Trauma ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

Abstract. A history of complex trauma or exposure to multiple traumatic events of an interpersonal nature, such as abuse, neglect, and/or major attachment disruptions, is unfortunately common in youth referred for psychological assessment. The way these adolescents approach the Rorschach task and thematic contents they provide often reflect how such experiences have deeply affected their personality development. This article proposes a shift in perspective in the interpretation of protocols of adolescents who suffered complex trauma with reference to two aspects: (a) the diagnostic relevance of avoidant or emotionally constricted Rorschach protocols that may otherwise appear of little use, and (b) the importance of danger-related thematic contents reflecting the youth’s sense of threat, harm, and vulnerability. Regarding this last aspect, the article reintroduces the Preoccupation with Danger Index ( DI). Two cases are presented to illustrate the approach.

Life as a Raw Material: Illusions of Control

Somatechnics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oron Catts ◽  
Ionat Zurr
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Short History ◽  
Know How ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

The paper discusses and critiques the concept of the single engineering paradigm. This concepts allude to a future in which the control of matter and life, and life as matter, will be achieved by applying engineering principles; through nanotechnology, synthetic biology and, as some suggest, geo-engineering, cognitive engineering and neuro-engineering. We outline some issues in the short history of the field labelled as Synthetic Biology. Furthermore; we examine the way engineers, scientists, designers and artists are positioned and articulating the use of the tools of Synthetic Biology to expose some of the philosophical, ethical and political forces and considerations of today as well as some future scenarios. We suggest that one way to enable the possibilities of alternative frames of thought is to open up the know-how and the access to these technologies to other disciplines, including artistic.

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